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如何学国画？

学习中国画是一件非常有启发性的事情。它不仅能解放人的天性，给人带来满足感和成就感，还能在作品中获得自我肯定。对于学习国画的人来说，随着文化积淀和艺术修养的不断提高，所创作的画作也会像陈年的酒一样变得更加醇厚、耐人寻味。

工具

首先，你需要熟悉工具，选择一套合适的工具进行绘画。

笔

国画所用的毛笔统称为画笔，按制笔材料可分为软毛笔、硬毛笔和混合毛笔三种。

软圈以羊居多，其次是鸡。画笔有长、中、短三种类型，每种都有不同的表现力。

硬笔一般弹性较强，坚韧锋利，易于掌握和使用。其中常用的是狼笔和紫笔。

刷子由两种或多种不同的材料制成。这种画笔软硬度适中，适合画线条和渲染。

工笔画可选择准备勾勒笔（1-2支）和大、中、小白云羊毫笔（3支左右）。

写意画时，要准备硬毛笔（长短毛笔各一支），如狼毛笔、野猪毛笔、兔子毛笔等，两种毛笔都可以准备一支毛笔。

暗示

一开始不要买太多的笔。您最常使用的始终是相同的。等你画熟练了之后可以再买。旧毛笔还可以用来染色或画山水。

笔筒

笔筒是一种盛放笔的东西，是传统的文具用具之一。怀孕或休息时用它来固定刷子，防止刷子污染其他物体。

调色板

调色板是混合颜料的容器，是不可缺少的文具。其形状多为圆形、梅花形，也有方形或其他不规则形状。质地多为陶瓷。小碟形调色板的制作相对便宜，通常由初学者或业余爱好者使用。

墨水

中国传统绘画非常重视水墨的运用。笔以抒神，墨以韵。用墨来表现画面神韵并达到生动形象是非常重要的。水墨通过笔与水的渗透，可以变换成浓、淡、干、湿、黑白等不同层次的色彩。古人称之为“五墨六色”。

以墨代色，力求简洁、清晰、概括，是中国画的独特创造。利用墨色的不同变化来表达各种色彩感受，充满浪漫的处理特征。在用色方面，中国画突破了自然物象的固有束缚，以情感化、创造性的色彩取而代之。

推荐墨水

墨水有很多种。市场上常用的绘画墨水主要有摩云堂公司生产的玄宗墨水、北京一得阁的云头眼、红星墨水、北京墨水、中国墨水、曹素功墨水、珠江墨水等。不同的油墨对绘画有直接的影响。

1、进口玄宗墨有两种：一种是红星玄宗，一种是进口玄宗。其特点是浓墨看起来很厚重，淡墨看起来很润泽，不浑浊。下图是用进口玄宗墨绘制的国画效果图。

2、北京一得阁油墨百年品牌，价格低廉，性价比高。代表产品为云头雁，其特点是墨色鲜艳，淡墨表现力强，层次感丰富，色彩五种，书写流畅。唯一的缺点是含胶量比较高，容易凝结。下图是用北京一得阁水墨画的国画效果图。

3、红星油墨，安徽红星油墨公司生产。代表性产品有两种，一种是红星墨，一种是玄宗墨（国产）。玄宗墨（国产）和红星墨最大的区别就是黑度。玄宗墨（国产）黑度比红星墨好，淡墨层表现较差，笔画交汇处显得糊状。

4、狮墨，台湾品牌，其代表产品是狮墨书法墨，黑度强，层次感强，有五种深浅颜色，书写流畅，合成树脂胶（-20℃凝结）。四季皆宜书画，宜书画、宜装画。适合练习、制作一般作品和制作有价值的作品，是爱好者和专业人士的首选。

5、曹苏红墨水，中华老字号。产品价格便宜。代表产品是墨棒。

颜料

矿物颜料

矿物颜料有朱砂、赭石、蓝铜矿、石绿、石黄、白粉、金粉、银粉等。除赭石等少数矿物颜料外，大多数矿物颜料都具有渗透性差、遮盖力强的特点。隐藏力。由于这些颜料源自矿物质，因此它们可以在数千年的时间里保持鲜艳的色彩。

植物色素

植物色素包括花青、藤黄、胭脂和洋红。植物颜料和化学颜料渗透性好，透明度高。除藤黄等少数颜料外，大多数颜料没有遮盖能力。因此，一般不宜用颜色遮盖颜色。这就是为什么中国画必须写得准确，避免反复修改。

化学颜料

化学颜料有曙红、深红、鲜红、铬黄、天蓝等。

特点及用途

赭石：矿物，但其品质更轻、更清澈、半透明。它可以单独使用或与其他颜料混合使用。它是一种用途广泛的颜料。在柔和的风景画中，它常被用作岩石和树干的主色。它还可以用来画夕阳下倒映的远山。在花鸟画中，常与墨（混合后成为赭墨）或其他颜色混合，或混合，多用于画树枝、树干、羽毛等。在人物画中，常用于人物皮肤的底色。添加青色或绿色可用来画远山和老叶。赭石加藤黄就是赭黄色，用于深秋的黄叶、秋景中的土坡和草间的细径。草绿中加赭石，使其翠绿，秋季可用于石坡、土路。

朱碧：矿物的或合成的。通常与胭脂、洋红和藤黄一起使用。将墨与朱笔调和，可获得浓重而明亮的赭色。

朱砂：矿物质，一种天然汞化合物。现代还有合成朱砂，遮盖力很强。一般单独使用，多用于装饰秋季红叶、花卉、亭台栏杆，原色浓重。不宜与蓝铜矿、石绿配合使用。事实上，除了胭脂之外，所有矿物颜料一般都不适合与植物色调混合。

蓝铜矿：具有极强遮盖力的矿物。用于覆盖绿色景观突出部分的岩石是绿色景观的主色调。在制作蓝铜矿的过程中，石料经过研磨和清理后，蓝铜矿根据其质地可分为顶蓝、二绿、三绿和四绿。一般山水画中只​​使用质地较浅的二、三绿。它们主要用于点缀树叶和提起苔藓。由于蓝铜矿比较粗糙，所以在给山石染色时，一般需要分几次逐渐上色。等待第一层涂层干燥后再涂第二层涂层。避免在其仍湿时重复涂抹。

石绿：矿物型，遮盖力强。清场后还可分为一果岭、二果岭、三果岭、四果岭。头青质地较重，颜色较深，在山水画中很少使用。二绿、三绿广泛应用于浅色、重彩山水画中。石绿可与草绿搭配使用（如草绿与花青、藤黄混合）。这时就需要用上色的方法了（或者用草绿打底，干后再盖上石绿；或者用石绿先平涂，干了后再染草。绿色的）。

石黄：矿物类，仅用于山水画中突出树叶、苔藓的秋景。画大面积的成熟农作物时，可先用赭色、藤黄色染色，再沾上石黄，以示成熟。

金粉：矿物型，除一般进口金粉外，还有佛赤泥金、绿赤泥金，都是由金箔制成的。前者颜色偏暖，后者颜色偏蓝、冷色。用于重彩山水画、工笔画、人物画、花鸟画，一般在勾勒线条时使用。

银粉：矿物，与金粉类似。

白色粉末：矿物或合成，包括铅白、锌白、蛤粉等。铅管中所含的也称为锌钛白。不透明。需要画云朵、雪花、瀑布、花鸟、人物等。锌钛白粉还可以与花青、藤黄、赭石甚至墨水调和使用，但程度较难控制。风景如画的杨树干可以调成绿色。

花青：植物基或合成的，半透明，可与藤黄、洋红、赭石、白粉等多种颜料混合，用途广泛。画山、石、草、木、云、水等或其混合色时需要青色。与藤黄果混合后，可按不同比例混合各种绿色蔬菜。青花墨混合后，称为华青墨，其颜色为深绿色（洛青）。与曙红或胭脂混合时会变成紫色。

藤黄果：植物，由藤蔓树脂制成，有毒，不能食用。安装在铅管中的藤黄具有一定的覆盖能力。在山水、花鸟、人物画中，可单独使用，也可与许多其他颜料或油墨混合使用（可调成橄榄绿），用途广泛。与品红、朱红或胭脂混合可产生橙色，与赭石混合可产生檀香色。

洋红：也称为洋红和曙红。植物基或合成的，半透明。在花鸟画中，常单独或混合后使用，画花卉、红叶、瓜果蔬菜，用途广泛。在山水画中，常用于画亭台楼阁、屋顶、红叶等，在人物画中，常用于画脸、唇、底纹等。

胭脂：植物性的，由胭脂花制成，半透明。用于山水画中春天的桃花和秋天的红叶。可用于画花鸟画中的紫红色果蔬、羽毛、花、叶、芽等。它还用于装饰花心和轮廓叶子。在人物画中，可用来画人物、棉布、服饰、花卉风景等。胭脂、曙红、朱红可营造出各种红色色调。加墨则成紫，加赭石则成赭胭脂。

大红色：颜色与曙红相似，比曙红稍浅。用法与曙红相似。

混色法

在油漆中的任何颜色中添加白色都会使其变成粉红色或更浅的颜色。该颜料可以任意组合使用。如果你想稀释它，只需加一点水即可。丙烯颜料水分蒸发后很快就干了，所以绘画时需要注意程序，这样笔触才能自然衔接，达到理想的效果。

1、草绿色：约70%花青+30%藤黄的混合物。是画工笔花叶最常用的颜色之一。

2、果汁绿：由约80%藤黄+15%花青+5%朱芪混合而成的嫩绿色。常用作逆叶、幼叶的底色。

3、老绿：草绿色稍加墨或少许胭脂。常用于遮盖树叶深色部分的颜色。薄薄的老绿也可以用来渲染反面的叶子。

4、檀香色：是约70%藤黄+20%竹七+10%桑绿的混合物。添加大量水后，常用于刷底色，也可用作花蕾、托叶的底色。

5、米色：约70%藤黄+30%赭石，主要用来刷背景。在重彩画中应用一层米色背景很容易达到色彩和谐的效果。

6、三绿：石绿+白色。白色加得越多，就变成四绿、五绿等。三绿、四绿等颜色也是如此。

7、老赭色：是朱枝+墨的混合物，接近熟棕色。它通常用于给被昆虫咬过的树枝或叶子部分染色。

8、胭脂水：胭脂色+大量水混合。主要用于重画线条。嗜酸水和华清水也是如此。

9.豆绿（三绿+藤黄+少许酞菁蓝）

10.墨红（曙红+少许墨水）

11.赭石绿（赭石+草绿）。

12、古铜色（诸暨+墨水+少许藤黄+少许曙红）

13.果汁绿（草绿+藤黄+少许朱芪）

14.灰绿（三绿+少许墨）

15.芽绿（果汁绿+藤黄）

16.米色（藤黄+朱芪+少许墨水）

17. 橙子（藤黄+朱蕾）

18.墨蓝（花蓝+墨）

19.海军蓝（酞菁蓝+墨水+少许蓝铜矿）

20.绛红（胭脂+朱洁+墨汁少许）

21.紫色（曙红+少许酞菁蓝）

22.深绿色（草绿色+少许墨水）

23.老绿（草绿+一点胭脂）

24.翠绿（酞菁蓝+藤黄+少许翠绿）

25. 棕色（赭色+墨水）

26.檀香色（藤黄+朱芪+少许三青）

27.蓝灰色（花青+白粉+少许三绿）

28.豆沙色（胭脂+朱洁+少许青色）

29.土红色（朱泽+一点胭脂）

30.绿松石（草绿+少许酞菁蓝）

31. 四绿（三绿+白）

32.胭脂水（胭脂+大量水）

33.蓝灰色（绿色+少许墨水+白色）

34.蓝色（酞菁蓝+三清）

35.朱砂（朱七+曙红）

36.紫蓝（胭脂+少许酞菁蓝）

推荐颜料

目前字画店销售的国画颜料从包装上有两种：一种是小纸盒包装的传统手工颜料片，质量好，加了胶水，只要用完就可以使用。它们被水溶解。 。另一种是颜料厂生产的铅管包装的颜料，挤出后即可使用，但质量不如片状颜料。如果你是绘画新手，你通常会使用后一种。

初学者可以选择马利或樱花牌（樱花比较娇嫩，没有沉淀）。马利黄色包装可能会有颗粒沉降，而蓝色盒子的颜料则更细腻。如果要求比较高的话可以买吉翔牌的。另外，我不建议你一开始就购买瓶装或纸包装的矿物颜料。染色方法要花钱，掌握不好的话很难达到好的效果。 （如姜思绪堂）

米纸

写意画选用生宣纸，工笔画选用熟宣纸。原宣纸分为棉皮、纯皮、特种皮、檀香皮含量。大量的檀香皮是一种特殊的皮革，适合写意、渗墨性强。多用于山水画，更能凸显水墨意境。小写意用干净的皮，适合画花鸟，墨色浓淡适宜，易于控制。

中国画用的宣纸和纸板都以着色和染色效果为特色。在宣纸上画写意画，更能凸显水墨的神韵和意境。纸板的晕染效果不如生宣。适合小写意画，浓淡适当，墨色恰到好处。可以用纸板画花鸟画，用宣纸画山水画。纸板的优点之一是您不需要直接将画作装框。

在宣纸上画画时，可以反复分层上色，但纸板如果不能多次修饰就会出现毛边，所以形状必须准确，上色可以一次完成。绘制背景时也是如此。不适合重复着色。掌握好浓淡，过两遍。适合初学者画宣纸、花鸟、山水。一旦你熟练了，你就可以改用纸板了。

推荐纸张

最适合中国笔墨的载体，无疑是安徽泾县出产的宣纸。这种纸对于表现中国笔墨的表现力非常强大，并且具有稳定的物理性能。

惠州的宣纸是最好的，品牌也很多。名牌的不适合初学者，普通的就可以了。除了红星、双鹿之外，王统王的宣纸很好用，墨迹效果也不错。除了用宣纸画画外，还可以尝试用纸板画画。不需要装图，直接装框即可。

选择熟米纸时一定要小心。好纸不一定是白的。太白意味着增白剂过多，不利于长期保存。好的熟宣纸洁白而不刺眼，反光柔和。纸中不应有草茎、沙子或颗粒。裂纹、孔洞及其他附着物。

生米纸

熟米纸

镇纸

绘画时镇纸是中国古代的传统工艺品。指书写、绘画时用来压纸的东西。最常见的是矩形条。因此，它们也被称为重量尺和压力尺。

镇纸的材质多种多样，多为玉、瓷、竹、木、铁、铜等。其上通常刻有诗句的兰、菊、梅、竹图案，以及动物和人物的立体图像。

推荐镇纸

现在市场上有各种各样的镇纸，您可以根据自己的需要购买。

1. 宫崎骏 宫崎骏 龙猫 TOTORO 立式水晶镇纸

2.青云喷射小鹅镇秦岭水禽系列镇纸

3.鸿科手工铸铁小猫镇纸

4. 真言粉莲水晶镇纸

5.御宝阁纯手工景德镇手绘陶瓷镇纸

手绘陶瓷镇纸有两种可供选择，一种是葫芦蟋蟀，另一种是莫曲。

6、真言国画蓝图方形镇纸

7.臻颜原创加重云山书画镇纸

笔洗

刷洗是一项传统手工艺。它是笔、墨、纸、砚学习四宝之外的一种学习用具。它是用来盛水洗刷子的容器。它以其造型巧妙、品种繁多、典雅精致而广受青睐，代代相传。其中的画笔，很多都是艺术珍品。笔洗的质地有很多种，有瓷器、玉器、玛瑙、珐琅、象牙、犀角等，基本上都是名贵材质。在各种刷洗中，最常见的是瓷刷洗。

刷洗的作用是润湿刷子。在绘画中，许多用水的特殊效果都是通过笔洗来实现的。

预算不够的新手可以直接找个水桶代替。我推荐几家洗刷店如荣宝斋、保亭荣善堂/荣尚堂、福必行等。

毛毡

制作字画毛毡的材料主要是羊毛或化纤。由于材质和工艺的差异，产生了各种各样的书画毛毡。

用它在宣纸的底部划线，防止墨色渗入宣纸背面的桌面，污染宣纸，使画面一片狼藉。内衬毛毡，由于毛毡不吸水，因此不会出现上述现象。 。国画毛毡在国画用品店有售，有不同尺寸。您可以根据您的绘画尺寸进行选择。

初学者可以用普通的字画毛毡加米格即可。市场上这种字画毛毡有50厘米×50厘米和50厘米×70厘米两种。

购买前一定要查看毛毡的尺寸。然后看毛毡上米状网格的大小。一般毛毡上的网格尺寸为10厘米，较小的毛毡上的网格可能为9厘米。你可以看一下厚度。对于这种印有米格的字画毛毡，质量特别低的毛毡不会太厚。有时太多的墨水可能真的会显露出来。对于国画初学者来说，厚度2毫米以上的毛毡就足够了。

如果要画大型作品，就需要购买更大、更厚的毛毡。更大、更厚的毛毡具有更好的持墨和吸墨能力，显然更适合。

砚台

砚台是用来研墨、盛墨的。初学者可以用小盘子代替盛墨水。如果想要有更好的砚台，可以选择妙峰牌徐公砚台。

其他

纸胶带/水胶带：用于拉伸宣纸；

浇水瓶：拉丝、做特效时使用；

阴影笔/阴影刷：用于涂抹背景颜色的大刷子。它是由羊毛制成的，需要非常柔软；

艺术图钉和盘子（用于混色）。

中国画技法

国画的主要技法包括立意、构图、用笔、用墨、设色、润饰等，其中用笔、用墨是最基本的技法）。

立意——也称立意，是绘画前的形象思维过程。

构图——即六法中的“操作位置”，又称布局、布局等。即画面中各种物体的位置、比例、墨色等的排列。

用笔——即六法中的“用笔骨法”，包括画线、勾画、描画、擦除、点画，以及居中、反转、隐、露、拖、休息等

墨色的运用——经过历代画家的发展，墨色有多种：焦、浓、重、淡、清、淡、乌木等。使用时，必须将它们用在适当的地方。还有泼墨、断墨（即浓淡对比）等具体技法。

设色-白描：不设色，全部用线条表现，或仅用淡墨或浅色稍加渲染。重彩：一般指工笔、重彩、勾勒设色、大绿等。 淡彩：以墨色为主色调，施以淡彩。无骨：纯粹用色彩绘画，不画线条。 （纯用墨点染色、没有凹槽的也称为无骨。）

清理——画作完成后，将其整体清理干净，使整幅画最终达到生动活泼的状态。

笔墨

中国画表现形象的基本手段。中国历代画家在长期的历史发展过程中，形成了一整套完整的笔墨技法和创作技巧。

笔墨表达

有白描，有工笔，有详细的描写。整个画面纯属水墨，有的用淡墨渲染。

白描——用细线勾勒出物体的轮廓及其细节，整个画面纯属水墨。有些是用淡墨渲染的。

白拉根据线条的粗细可分为三类：较粗的线条称为弦，较细的线条称为铁丝，极细的线条称为游丝。工笔画常用这几类线条来表现作品，如钉头鼠尾画、兰叶画、古游丝画、铁线画、流云流水画等。无论用何种白描，都要强调“写”字，使每一行都具有书法的韵味。

工笔——轮廓精致细腻的称为工笔，意为工整、细致。色彩一层一层地涂抹，显得丰富而厚重。

工笔画通过线条来观察和反映事物，根据事物的轮廓、表象等明显特征来认识事物。线条连续、细腻、均匀，贯穿事物的整个造型，呈现出刚劲、灵动、逼真的视觉面貌。因此，线条成为画面的领导者，视觉观察的方式是客观具体的。

大写意——只写物体大意，用笔简单流畅，墨色自然，不使用色彩的写意画，又称“水墨画”。

轮廓着色——又称“单线平画”。它先用笔勾勒出物体的边缘，然后用墨水或颜色绘制中间部分。

粗细交替——又称“兼职写”。它比工笔厚重，比写意更有工夫。

粗细——如花草画得厚，而昆虫、蝴蝶、或飞在花周围的蜻蜓则画得很薄。

无骨法——一般不用墨线勾勒轮廓。

泼墨法是无骨法的延伸。它使用大块墨水，然后使用自然形成的色调，并添加更精细的笔触。有的地方甚至露出白点，从而可以看到灵体。

界画——用尺子绘制的墨线组成的绘画或大部分，主要表现庄严、雄伟的建筑，如宫殿、寺庙、楼阁、水榭等，以及工整、精美的家具陈设。

染色

着色是“按型施色”六法之一。不同的颜色给人不同的情感，画家常常用颜色来表达自己的情感。中国画常用的颜色有墨色、藤黄、石黄、土黄、胭脂、品红、朱砂、朱脂、赭石、花青、石青（又可分为头青、二青、三青三种），但基本颜色只有红、黄、蓝三种，即品红、藤黄、花青。通过组合以上颜色，您可以创造出多种颜色。

墨水颜色

工笔花鸟画中的一种配色方法。也就是说，在图像上画线或不画线，完全用墨的浓淡来表现，称为墨色。墨色宜选用淡雅的，因为浓墨的面积不宜过大或过多，因为浓墨容易使画面感觉浑浊，但又不宜淡淡无光，粗细一定要合适，才有清新韵味。影响。

浅色

工笔花鸟画中的一种配色方法。即先用墨色将物体画到八九分，然后再用淡色稍加渲染，称为淡色。浅色必须使颜色不阻挡油墨并且油墨不与颜色分离。能融为一体，展现水墨神韵，从而产生淡雅古朴的效果。

粉彩

工笔花鸟画中的一种配色方法。从表现手法上来说，多采用钩染、去骨等。在色彩运用上，以植物色和白粉为主，水彩画和浅矿物色为辅。粉彩轮廓不要用一种颜色的浓墨，而以淡墨为主。因为如果墨色太浓，与粉彩结合，就容易显得暗淡，缺乏美感。粉的颜色不宜太浓，但也不宜太淡。如果太淡，就会显得暗淡。它应该薄但厚。使用粉画粉彩是一个重要的关键。粉彩的运用要使其自然融合，不显粉迹，不显气场，干净润泽，这样才能发挥粉彩明亮细腻的特点。

重色彩

工笔花鸟画中的一种配色方法。勾勒、重染的方法主要是根据服务态度和材质颜色。由于用色较浓，色彩较丰富，装饰性较强，称为重彩。重显色应做到薄介质厚，厚介质湿润，染色不显痕迹，深浅自然。避免脏、花、斑、干、火、油腻等。这些问题大多是由于顺序不正确、涂刷不顺畅、使用颜色过厚或不均匀等原因造成的。

画线

中国国画的主要造型方法。它是构成中国画民族风格的元素。线图是一种通过使用不同的笔触，例如重量，阴影，厚度，半径，转弯，挫败感，虚拟，长度，干燥和湿度，硬度和柔软度，和线路的速度。方法。它没有颜色，有时可以用一些淡淡的墨水略微渲染。它具有独特的表达方式和建模规则，并充满了魅力。线路使用中的变化应与形状的形式美感紧密相关。线条可能是强大，优雅，轻巧或庄严的。由于刷子的多功能用途，它们产生了极丰富的感觉。中文绘画中的线条建模历史悠久。通过长期练习和所有世代的画家的持续创造，积累了大量的线绘图技术经验。只有绘制图形折叠的绘图方法才具有“ 18行”。

使用线图建模的特征清晰，简洁且装饰丰富。它可以完美地描绘各种现象，并展示不断变化的物体的新生活。

画线

在中国绘画中，线条完全用于表达对象，这称为“白色绘图”。线图有两种类型：单钩和双钩。一个用线制成的单个钩子。可以用一种墨水制成单钩，也可以根据不同的物体用两种墨水制成。例如，可以用浅墨水制成花朵，叶子可以用浓密的墨水制成。要重新打踢，请先使用轻墨水钩住整个东西，然后根据表面的特定条件决定重新键入部分或全部。无法绘制重新划分的线路刚性地重叠原始线路。重新钩的目的是强调纹理和阴影的变化，使对象看起来更加丰富多彩。重钩线必须是平稳且自然的，并且避免被原始线路限制，否则，重钩线将很容易变得暗淡。物体的形状，精神，光，颜色，音量和纹理之间的关系由线条表示。从某种意义上说，比其他绘画方法更难掌握。应特别注意“简单而简洁”和“清晰摘要”的特征。构图的选择应该很简单，重点是具有清晰层的虚拟，坚固性和密度的强烈排列。线条的处理应具有装饰性和旋律，并避免缺陷，例如碎片化，沉闷和松散。

Liu Gonghua的女士绘图

CHA方法

传统中国绘画的表达技术之一。早期景观绘画的主要表达技术是用线条概述轮廓，然后涂上颜色。随着绘画的发展，为了表达山脉，岩石和树木的静脉和质地，由于不同的地质结构，山的形状也有所不同。

Shitao在深山上的秋水画

擦伤类型

通常，（1）大麻切碎，（2）凌乱的大麻切碎，（3）芝麻切开，（4）大斧头，（5）小斧头，（6）卷心（8）子弹切碎，（9）莲花叶切开，（10）明矾头裂，（11）头骨切开，（12）鬼皮裂，（13）溶液切开，（14），（14），Chaos Chai Chai，（15）牛头发谷壳，（16）马牙齿谷壳，（17）切断谷壳，（18）分数错误的谷壳； （19）豆瓣谷谷，（20）刺梨谷谷（Chaff）（douban Chaff的变化），（21）碎网和切碎，（22）折叠并切碎，（23）钉子中的钉子并切碎，（24）拖拉泥浆和泥浆和水裂，（25）Jinbi Chapped，（26）无骨切开，（27）直摩擦，（28））水平划痕，等等。

mo方法

古人说“墨水为颜色”，深色和浅色的墨水可以替代各种颜色。所使用的墨水应具有干燥和潮湿的阴影，只有干但不湿的墨水会太贫瘠，只有湿但不要太干，浓密，轻，干和湿的结合会产生许多变化，生动和魅力。

墨水的使用方法

通常，有燃烧的墨水，积聚的墨水，破碎的墨水，打击的墨水等。燃烧的墨水是非常厚的墨水。燃烧的墨水旁边必须有厚而浅的墨水，否则燃烧的墨水将被隔离，很难看到刷子的含义。

累积的墨水：几次涂抹浓密的墨水和轻墨水，以产生深层风味。

破碎的墨水：首先在纸上使用淡墨水，然后在仍湿的同时添加湿墨水以产生奇怪的纱布魅力。在纸上扭动它，像鱼的鳞片一样逐渐变得更轻和不均匀，这被称为lei mo。因此，使用墨水和使用笔是密不可分的。

使用笔的六个必需品

首先，它必须是自然而强大的，并且避免呆滞。

其次，必须有更改和连接。必须根据物体的不同需求使用厚，薄，厚，厚，长，长，短，水平，水平，直，湿，湿，浅，浅和厚。彼此之间有变化和连接。

第三，它一定是古老而潮湿的。旧将显示笔的微妙力量，光滑的笔看起来很优雅。如果笔太老了，它将很容易变得无聊，因此必须在旧时弄湿它，也就是说，使用干燥和潮湿。

第四，它必须松散和凝结。宽松的精神比自然更远。它必须活泼，放松和有趣。避免变得湿滑。轻度必须有重度。凝结是中风的回归。

第五步是结合硬度和柔软度，即，柔软性具有骨骼强度。所谓的“用棉和铁包裹的线”可以稳定且厚实，坚固的前沿必须与好运结合在一起，“携带三脚架具有魅力。”因此，中风必须同时强大而优雅。

第六，技巧和笨拙必须一起使用，笔的简单性看起来很诚实。因此，必须将一些笨拙的笔触与熟练的刷子混合在一起，并且必须将一些巧妙的笔触与笨拙的刷子混合。应互换使用技能和笨拙来实现该方法。

中国绘画刷子

在谈论基本笔记技术之前，我们必须首先了解握住笔的姿势。

传统的中国绘画中有六种类型的刷子，即向前，前部，反向前部，前部，前部和飞行的白色前部。

中心

刷子操作期间，中心，即刷子的锥形尖端，始终位于笔的中心。刷子的中心用途是中国绘画方法的主要特征。它的特征是：完整的写作能力和丰富的内涵。在外面柔软，内部强壮，表现力极高。

侧翼

侧磨刀器水平固定笔或倾斜。从纸上的各个角度上，笔尖不在墨水线的中间，而在墨水线的一侧，从而产生白色效果。

反击

反手是一种相对于正手位置的向前方向，以相反方向运行刷子的方法。写作对前部的阻力增加，笔触会融合和分散，而紧密度的变化与平滑中风的含义不同。特征是写作力是刚性的，并穿透了纸的背面，但缺乏柔软度。不要经常使用它，仅适度。

陆峰

Yu Zangfeng的笔触恰恰相反。他用笔的尖端触摸纸，故意露出笔的尖端，并在关闭笔时逐渐抬起笔。使用此刷子绘制的线条柔软而优雅。

张冯

刷子的边缘应隐藏，以便绘制的线可以保持平静和微妙，并穿透纸的背面。

顺丰

刷子的运动与Ni Feng相反。它使用拖动刷子移动，绘制的线条轻巧，光滑，聪明和活泼。

扩展信息

所谓的刷子是指使用刷子进行写作和绘画的方法，这是中文绘画的独特线方法。中国书法和绘画主要用线条表达，所使用的工具是锋利的刷子。为了使书法上的点画和多样性地绘画，您必须首先注意如何握住刷子。使用刷子时，您必须掌握称为“刷子”的重量，速度，偏差，直率和其他方法。

传统中国绘画具有自己独特的特征。它注意“生动的魅力”，并且不遵守物体外观的相似性，而是强调作者主观口味的表达。中文绘画强调“用形式描述精神”，并追求一种“相似性和相似性之间的美感”的感觉。

注意笔和墨水的魅力，刷子的要求是：扁平，圆形，左，重和变化。墨水方法要求将墨水分为五种颜色：燃烧，厚实，重，轻巧和清晰。

请注意“骨骼方法和刷子使用”，不要注意聚焦视角，也不要强调环境对物体光和颜色变化的影响。

请注意空白空间的布局和物体的“光环”。

中国绘画分支

传统的中国绘画通常分为两种类型：细致的刷子和徒手刷。它可以大致分为细致的刷子花朵和鸟类，细致的刷子景观，细致的刷子雕像，徒手的刷子花朵和鸟类，徒手的刷子景观，徒手的刷子刷子等。使用RAW XUAN进行免费手法刷子以及烹饪的Xuan来烹饪。还有半烘烤的论文可用于绘画和写作兼职。

传统中国绘画的细分被分为形式，细致的刷子和徒手刷。细致的刷子将注意力集中在“工作”上，刷子是细致的，需要仔细概述和反复渲染。徒手刷子将注意力集中在“意图”上，使用免费和轻松的表格表达精神，一只笔触是完美的。除以主题，人物，鲜花和鸟类，风景。

Gongbi

细致的绘画步骤

草稿

您可以使用铅笔在绘图纸上制作初步草稿，也可以直接复制原始草稿。使用HB铅笔将草稿复制到丝绸或煮熟的米纸上。铅笔线应该是轻便的。您还可以将图纸直接复制到白皮书上，尤其是在绘制丝绸时。这可以避免图纸的变形。拉伸图纸后必须清楚地看到铅笔线。

您还可以购买复制表，将成品手稿或印刷图纸放在复制桌上，然后用煮熟的Xuan/silk盖住它以复制，以使复制图纸的准确性略高。一旦精通绘图，您就可以直接使用轮廓笔来添加墨水线！

拉伸手稿

要求：首先在绘图板上安装一张白纸，然后在干燥后将丝绸或煮熟的米纸拉伸到绘图板上。有关拉伸丝绸的具体步骤，请参阅：如何拉伸丝绸

所需的材料：thumbtacks，糊，水。

1.首先，安装框架，然后将丝绸放在框架上并排列。

2.然后，在丝绸的一端按一个尖角，在另一侧喷水，然后慢慢展开。

3.喷涂后，慢慢调整。几乎完成后，您可以应用糊状并继续调整。不要太紧，因为丝绸干燥时会收缩。此外，丝绸本身具有编织的质地，如果将其拉出和变形，那将是不好的。

4.然后在最后一个边缘涂抹糊状物并将其折叠。丝绸的外部也可以用一层糊状物覆盖。

5.干燥后，您可以绘画并查看效果。

防范措施：

1.草稿：使用铅笔草稿，不需要纸。

2.草稿：将草稿放在复制桌上，用一层煮熟的米纸覆盖，然后使用轮廓笔（Huazhiqiao，Xiaoyejin等）将草稿钩在稻米纸上。这种工作称为白图。

3.渲染：在成品草稿上使用墨水表达图片的浅色和黑暗。方法是：使用两支较大的笔（通常是大的白色云），一根浸入墨水，一根浸入水中。干燥之前，用水散布以形成自然过渡。

4.染色：该方法类似于渲染的方法，但使用了中国绘画颜料，因此此步骤更麻烦。为了使颜色更均匀，更厚，通常需要多次进行。有一个关于“三个明矾和九种染色”的说法。

勾线

有两种绘制线路的方法：前进和前面。在细致的人物绘画中，中心向前是主要方法。

中心：中心是锥形刷尖端。在刷子的操作过程中，中心始终位于刷子的中心。刷子的中心用途是中国绘画方法的主要特征。它的特征是：完整的写作能力和丰富的内涵。在外面柔软，内部强壮，表现力极高。中心线是圆形的，厚，均匀的。还要注意墨水线的墨水密度变化，并在适当时添加清洁水进行调试。

侧锋：侧鞋器水平固定笔或倾斜。从纸上的各个角度上，笔尖不在墨水线的中间，而在墨水线的一侧，从而产生白色效果。

用来绘制线条的笔的起始和结尾非常重要。每行，无论多长时间或短期都必须有三个过程：开始，延伸和关闭。需要“启动笔以隐藏前部，将笔移到中心，然后关闭笔以返回前部。”这是线图的主要技术点。绘画人物，鲜花和鸟类需要了解线绘图技术。

染料

一般而言，传统细致绘画的染色方法可以分为分裂的染色，覆盖染色，钩子和填充等。脱染色和覆盖染色是传统的人物，鲜花和鸟类细致的绘画中最常用的技术。在景观的情况下，“碎屑”技术还用于反映山脉的独特质地。

分离和染色：使用颜色或墨水根据其结构和纹理将平面线绘制成特定的水平和音量关系。染色时，准备一支颜色浸入的笔，然后用笔浸入水中以均匀地减轻颜色。分裂染色方法采用了颜色的分层和叠加方法。它的优势是浓稠且饱和的颜色，丰富的层变化和强烈的表现力。

覆盖染色：在绘画中着色时，底座首先是铺设的，然后涂上颜色。该方法称为覆盖染色。通常，首先使用渲染方法铺设基本颜色。颜色应更厚，可以逐层添加。从黑暗到光线，应显示光线和阴影和层。然后根据需要涂抹一两次翡翠颜色，颜色应为浅色。背景颜色和覆盖颜色的选择应基于要绘制的物体的特征，目的是使两者相互补充并产生浓密，生动，复杂和丰富的色彩效果。绘画风景用墨水染色，可以用青色和och染色。

背面染色：将丝的背面衬里，使前面的颜色较厚，并丰富图片的层。背面使用平坦的涂料方法，蔬菜和矿物质都可以使用。这些步骤应交替执行。如果您想画一幅精致的绘画，可能需要多次重复这些动作。

重新勾选

染色某些区域后，先前绘制的线不再非常明显，需要再次绘制。目前，您必须注意钩子的阴影。如果颜色太重，它将倾向于僵硬且工艺般的人。尝试保持线条尽可能平滑。毕竟，它们连接到顶部。

刷胶明矾水

为了防止明矾从煮熟的丝绸上逃脱，丝的背面应在着色前用胶质校友刷。古人称校友为“斧头切丝”。尚未涂有明矾水的丝绸和米纸称为生丝或生Xa，是徒手绘画的材料。已经用胶水刷的丝绸和米纸的特性改变了，它们被称为煮熟的丝绸或煮熟的米纸，适合绘画精致的绘画。

1.粘性明矾水具有制作煮熟的丝绸，固定颜色并保护图片的功能。

胶：黄色明胶，也称为口香糖，颗粒状形式更好。使用时，将其在冷水中浸泡几分钟以除去浮动灰分，加入热水并搅拌直至所有橡胶颗粒都溶解。但是，请勿使用开水，因为沸水会降低粘度。

明矾：也称为明矾，主要是在安海格的卢吉安生产的。第一天将其浸泡在冷水中，并在第二天使用。

2.胶，明矾和水的混合比通常为7：3，这更合适。如果明矾很大并且胶水很小，则颜色将是刚性且在染色墨水时​​均匀染色的。如果胶水具有少量的明矾，则会出现诸如笔滑倒和轻松脱落墨水和颜色等问题。

3.用牙龈水刷。用牙龈水刷牙的最佳环境是在晴天，温度约为25度。如果温度太低，则口香糖会迅速固化，并且很难均匀刷。

陷害的

有一个古老的话：“书法和绘画的三分之一，七分钟的安装。”精致的安装技术不仅可以更好地保护书法和绘画，而且可以在突出书法和绘画和突出其魅力方面发挥作用。安装书法和绘画的步骤通常是首先用纸张支撑，然后使用扭曲，丝绸，纸等将作品安装在绘画的背面，然后安装轴以形成卷轴或框架条形成框架。传统的安装方法是多种多样的，但是成品可以根据其形状分为三类：挂卷，手持卷轴和专辑。不管原始框架绘画的大小，形状和目的是什么，只有三个步骤：安装，镶嵌和日历。

第一步：观察书法和绘画

尝试找出原始作品的含义，以便您可以更好地选择安装材料以增强原始作品的气质。

步骤2：将心脏安装在框架上

1.将绘画的中心放在干净的绘画桌上，并使用浇水罐将水均匀地喷在绘画的背面；

2.当绘画的中心湿润而平坦并固定在绘画桌上时，使用刷子均匀地涂在绘画中心的背面；

3.手持纸的手持板比纸的绘画要好，旁边是一边，用棕色的刷子从上到下扫过纸，然后逐渐将整个纸放在绘画心的背面；

4.用手指将糊状物均匀地撒在支撑纸的边缘；

5.绘画心脏略微干燥后，轻轻张开它并重新播放，直到使墙变干。

步骤3：脱衣舞

1.绘画心脏干燥后，用切刀将其从墙壁上取出，并切断纸张支撑的拐角部分；

2.在绘画心的四个角落擦拭浆料，镶嵌帮助；

3.将浆液放在援助的边缘和镶嵌上。

步骤4：盖住背部

在镶嵌绘画之后重复第二步。

步骤5：框架

如果需要安装框架，则可以在绘画干燥后将其弄平，并镶嵌图像框架；如果将其制成卷轴，则应在绘画上安装天杆和地杆，并将其带到车道绳索上。 。

防范措施

可以手工收集一般的安装，糊状物的质量也是收集时间的保证。安装绘画与普通糊不同，不仅粘度和透明度不同，而且还添加一些成分以防止饮食

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数字

Bai图：“八十七个神仙”的牵引力就足够了。如果您感到困难，则可以进行本地练习。

Gongbi颜色

“女士女士”，汉Xizai夜宴会，“乡村女士的女士”，“练习地图”，“ Luo Shen Fu tu”，等等。

“夫人花夫人图片”部分的一部分

该部分的“国家女士”部分

花鸟

歌曲王朝，宋惠州，陈劳利亚的花朵和鸟类中的小产品。

景观

景观草图，“成千上万的河流和山脉”，Changqiao Wubo，Ma Yuan Xia Gui。

写意

一种用中国绘画绘画的方法，没有寻求工作细节的笔，请注意表达的表达并表达作者的内在情绪。最初起源于绘画，并出现在北方歌曲王朝。它必须在图像中包含并发送分隔，以便“大象”具有表达方式或一种表达方式。

分类

徒手图被分为小型冻结和徒手。 So称为的小型徒手更倾向于以下事实：墨水绘画方法和绘画图像的形象更多。主观的感觉继承了歌曲和人类中文法的传统。

欣赏徒手图

绘画是第一个练习美学。培养您对美丽的感受并学会欣赏。要阅读中国艺术历史上的这些大量作品，至少您需要知道哪些经典真的很漂亮。

古老的徒手图

现代徒手

绘画步骤

卷心菜，萝卜绘

①使用中等大小的长狼或绵羊将墨水的叶柄遮住蔬菜，并立即将蔬菜的根浸入根部，并扎根墨水。不用用大绵羊的笔来轻轻墨水画墨水来画蔬菜叶子，而要注意笔的完整水含量。根据蔬菜叶的结构和方向，绘制了一些笔触。 ，不能画相同。请注意笔和笔之间的连接，这既不是模棱两可的也不是分散的。利用长狼的长狼将静脉钩在叶子上。

②用相同的笔将墨水浸入墨水，以在中心绘制顽固的菜肴。为了掌握绘画草的时间，叶柄的水很晚，绘制的花束将漂浮。如果还为时过早，那么稻草花束的墨水颜色会盛开，影响其质地。简而言之，有必要井井有条和温和。

③根据胡萝卜的圆形结构，使用干净的短羊浸入胭脂以调节胭脂，并在左右冲程上画萝卜球茎。同时，请注意将一些空白留在中间，以表达萝卜的亮点，然后使用较深的色点绘制根。用相同的笔洗涤它，然后用朱xi浸入胡萝卜。为了增强胡萝卜的质地，可以在朱XI中调整胭脂。绘画时，请注意胡萝卜的形状特征，并根据结构进行运输中风。

④用同一支笔洗涤它，然后将葡萄藤浸入红色中。对于和谐的音调，您可以在果汁绿色中调整朱XI的底部，绘制胡萝卜叶柄的底部，然后加入一个小的萝卜叶。两个胡萝卜的叶子应付给稍强。最后，用中绵羊用墨水涂蘑菇。绘画时，请注意一些蘑菇的不同方向以及前后水平。

凌晨荣耀花画

①首先画葡萄藤：用长狼用墨水绘制墨水，然后用笔悬挂腕部中心。看到轻快的舒缓力量。墨水的颜色应稍微改变。分支是整个绘画的架子，因此请注意整体位置操作。

②第二幅画叶：用短绵羊笔画浓密的墨水。请注意，浸入墨水时，笔头的墨水含量必须不同。绘画叶子应根据荣耀叶的特征来绘制。注意叶子的大小和方向之间的差异。

③使用长狼钢笔将厚厚的墨水从叶静脉中浸出。而不是使用干净的短绵羊，而是使用胭脂加上Anthocyan制作紫色的冠。荣耀花冠的上部是深色的，底座是白色的。因此，当使用笔时，有必要根据此功能保留空白的白色。花类型应圆形和饱满。两朵花必须分为厚度。浸入更深的颜色，以指出不需要的花蕾，注意花蕾和主花之间的回声。

④加一点葡萄藤加一点绿色，将其调整为浅绿色染色的花底颜色，然后用短绵羊用湿的葡萄藤和白色白色，并用中风画一朵花。然后，用厚厚的墨水中的长狼在花朵支撑上绘画，并添加坚固的葡萄藤以使整幅画完成。最后，添加一点苔藓以添加更改。

花球绘画

①首先画花球：用长狼一个一个一个一个一个一个淡淡的墨水，形成形成花球的小花。墨水应稍厚，并且必须更改花朵的形状，以使花球具有三维感的感觉。然后使用短绵羊制成厚厚的绿色浸入墨水组。

②使用长狼浸入浓密的墨水的静脉。挂钩时，叶子分为两组。上部上部的叶静脉更暗。下面叶子的叶静脉略微褪色，以将前后组中两组的水平分开。而不是使用长狼照亮墨水来画树枝。用墨水跟随绘画，并用干墨水绘制较小的树枝。

③画几个年轻的叶子，绿色较浅，增加另一个叶子的水平。然后用长狼浸入浓密的墨水，将花手柄画在花球中。用墨水干燥，使浓密的墨水颜色散发出干净的花球。然后将一组花球添加到Ye Jian，相同的方法与以前相同。

④最后，用长绵羊调节葡萄藤加和三个绿色。微弱地染成颜色。利用湿的湿点，带有葡萄藤的底点。渲染的花球必须具有三维的感觉，但也要注意颜色的清洁度。

杷杷

①用大桶笔浸入水中，将过多的水挤入笔肚上，用湿浸入墨水，然后稍微将其在着色盆中调整。请注意不要太“煮熟”，以使笔腹中包含的墨水不均匀。目前，将叶子拉下来，并应随时将绘画浸入水中，以便涂有漆的叶子的几片叶子不仅有很大的变化，而且还具有滋润的感觉。

②光墨水中心挂上Loquat的轮廓，并注意笔的圆，以表达水果的三维感。然后用厚的墨水绘制树枝。当叶子略干时，用浓密的墨水将叶子肌腱换成潮汐时将静脉钩在叶子上。当静脉钩住时，笔有点干。您可以使用废纸吸在笔上的墨水，然后将其钩住。静脉前后的叶子应分为厚度。因此，当叶子在后面时，您可以调整水并抽水。但是，请注意，笔的末端仍然必须干燥以避免混乱。

③香菜的墨水颜色已干燥。朱XI的圆形结构用干净的绵羊笔浸入黄色的色调，用来表达t的三维感。

④虽然颜色仍然湿，但请使用浓密的墨水将水果放置。水果的要点稍大，笔尖略微打开，以显示笔尖以表达毛茸茸的质地。最后，使用被调节到小藤黄的轻蜗牛染成树枝，再加上苔藓，使图片更富有和完整。

木兰绘画

①首先画花瓣：用长狼擦拭墨水花瓣。墨水颜色应用笔清洁和清爽。为了显示厚的白色花瓣，概述了花瓣的墨水颜色，在花瓣的尖端中添加一个小的两个点厚的墨水。然后用短绵羊减轻墨水的底部以染色，并在染色时看到笔。

②用短狼用一小撮狼浸入雄蕊，花朵的墨水颜色会在刚染色的浅墨水底部稍微峰值。用厚厚的墨水浸入长狼来绘制主干。用墨水稍微干燥，然后用笔剧烈，使树枝，白色和圆形花瓣形成鲜明对比。然后将水浸入顽固的墨水绘画上的另一组树枝中。绘画时请注意整个图片的动力。润湿时用浓密的墨水点点苔藓。

③然后暗淡的墨水画花蕾和花朵支撑。绘画花蕾不仅必须强调卡罗拉主体的回声，而且还必须与整幅画的全球动力合作。芽与分支之间的联系应该是合理的，并且与木兰的生长定律一致。 ④快速用小狼钢笔将狼笔浸在花朵支撑上，然后浸入浓密的墨水中。在此步骤中，请注意掌握水的掌握，您迫不及待地想画它，否则您无论如何都无法画出蓬松的柔软的天鹅绒头发。最后，清理并完成。

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景观

Dong Yuan的“ Xiaoxiang Map”，Juran的“ Wan Yansong Feng Tu”，Li Cheng的“ Hira Family Ping Ye”，Fan Kuan的“ Xishan Travel Map”，Guo XI的“早春” Ma Yuan的“ Ma Yuan” ", Xia Gui's "Mountains and Mountains and Qingyuan", Huang Gongwang's "Fuchun Mountain Residence", Ni Yan, Wu Zhen's "Fisherman's Father", Wang Meng's "Land of Land", Shen Zhou, Shi Tao, Cha Shibiao.

花鸟

Ji Shouping, Bada Mountain, Xu Xi, Xu Wei, Wen Tong, Jin Nong, Fa Chang, Zhao Mengfu, Pipeline Sheng, Wang Mian, Zhao Zhiqian, Qi Baishi and other painters.

数字

Liang Kai, Tang Bohu, Ren Bonian, Chen Hongzhang and other painters.

学习步骤

复制

Copy copy is a convenient way to learn Chinese painting techniques. For Fan painting, you can copy local paintings, also called decomposition exercises, and then copy the entire work. This can learn deeply. Copy copy is as important as possible, "Those who are inspected are still fine, and those who do it are expensive." It is necessary to repeatedly experience its styling methods, pen methods, ink color changes, etc. through copying. When copying the entire work, you can experience the characteristics of composition, primary and real relationships, hierarchical relationships, response relationships, color changes, and so on. After mastering a certain technique from copying, try to change and create, and you will know it.

The purpose of copying is to learn and learn from others. Compared with the sketch, the sketch is the main, the copy is the second, the sketch is the source, and the copy is the flow.

Live, put the painting on the table and facing the painting. The copy is covered with a piece of transparent paper and described with a pen and ink. The painting is also called Top Painting. Copy to prevent the disadvantages of "cutting shell", "swimming soul", and "shadow". "Breaking shell" is the technique of learning the ancients or teachers, and the restraint cannot be changed and developed. "Soul of the soul" is that in the East School, a little bit of western studies, and the task is to stop. "Affiliated shadow", that is, can only rely on the manuscripts or groups of the predecessors or family. As soon as they leave, they can't do it.

The copy of the copy is to be combined with silent writing. The creation of Chinese painting attaches great importance to the silent writing. Improving the ability of silence should rely on the shape characteristics and laws of the objects and the laws of ink. Therefore, copying must be carefully appreciated.

In combination with copying, you must pay attention to appreciating masterpieces and masterpieces. You can repeatedly appreciate the taste. In addition, you must visit the exhibition of painting exhibitions, learn from the length of each family, broaden your horizons, open up ideas, enrich techniques, and improve your cultivation. When observing and learning, you can record composition, technical characteristics, content content and your own feelings at any time. As long as you study carefully and solidly, there will be great progress.

草图

By sketching, you can further understand natural landscapes, flowers, birds, and structure and dynamic laws. You can collect a large number of creative materials, exercise styling ability, further enrich knowledge and painting skills, and get fresh feelings in nature. This is an important part of improving the level of painting creation.

Before sketching, observe and analyze more. The tools of sketching do not need to be too particular. Pencils, pens, and brushes are all possible. The paper is casual. The key is to draw serious and serious. The process of sketching is to learn and observe the process of nature, and achieve the purpose of collecting creative materials to improve creative ability.

萃取

Adapt to painting skills, you also need to have multiple knowledge. For example, calligraphy skills and literary cultivation need to be improved accordingly. This is the basis for cultivating aesthetic concepts and enhanced identification ability. Only when reading more (novels, prose, poetry, and painting theory requires reading), and diligent calligraphy can meet the requirements of learning painting. Practicing calligraphy is not only to meet the needs of the inscription, but more importantly, calligraphy is also the basic skills of Chinese painting. By practicing calligraphy, we must improve the performance ability of the pen line, strengthen the ink halo, and use the book to enter the painting grid.

创建

Beginning Chinese paintings do not have to rush to create. You should first lay a solid foundation in the above three aspects and practice basic skills. After having a certain foundation, you can slowly try to create.

创意阶段

In the first stage, you can refer to the data. With the shape or brushwork of other people's works, try to create creation according to your creative intent. This stage is also called primary stages. Through this stage, you can initially explore the laws of creation.

In the second stage, after mastering a certain technique, you can create more freely. This stage is the stage of consolidating and flexible use of techniques. Through this stage of practice, the technique can be more proficient and the composition changes are richer.

The third stage -mature stage. The mature symbol of technique is not based on the pureness of a pattern, but continuously changing techniques according to the requirements of dislike, feeling, and interest, reflecting random strain, free to use, and continuous innovation. The pursuit of this stage is the expression of interest and the deepening of the creative connotation. Painting with the law, the same is the same, painting with love, changing thousands of changes. This is the combination of superb techniques and deep cultivation, and is the purpose we are pursuing. As long as beginners get the law and work hard, they will achieve this goal.

Study Guoxue Material

Flowers and birds material

竹子

1. Dip the light ink to draw bamboo leaves and draw three pieces of bamboo leaves with the same brushwork. Add leaves in turn. Pay attention to the changes in the direction and size of the bamboo leaves.

2. Dan ink outlines the trunk of the bamboo, and after half dry, the bamboo fodder is outlined. Finally, the branch of the bamboo with light ink.

牡丹

1. Dip the pink pink, dip the tip of the pen to paint the petals, and add the petals in order. Draw the whole flower head, pay attention to the shape of the whole flower.

2. Dip the pink pink, dip the tip of the pen to make the buds, and draw the small petals on the left and right. Finally, use light green and rouge to draw flowers.

3. The whole pen is dipped in light green, and the pen tip dipped in the light ink side to draw the whole group of peony leaves. Strong ink hook the leaf tendons, dark green and rouge drawing branches.

麻雀

1. Dip the stones and light ink side fronts to point out the bird's head. The thick ink dots, flying feathers, tail feathers, and eyes, and finally painted their chest and abdomen with light ink.

2. Draw the head of the vermiculite plus light ink side, draw back feathers in the center, draw the upper and lower wings on the side, draw your mouth with thick ink, and click your eyes. The light ink draws the chest and abdomen, the thick ink dots, the flying feathers and the tail feathers, the thick ink center draws the legs, and the thick ink draws the paw.

小鸡

1. Dip the head of the Chinese ink side, draw the wings on the side, and then outline the tail with dry ink. Draw your mouth and eyes with thick ink, light ink to paint your chest and thighs, and use thick ink to draw your feet when half dry.

2. Dip in the thick ink, draw the head on the side, draw the wings on the side, draw the chest and thighs in the light ink, and finally sketch your mouth and feet.

翠鸟

1. Dip the head of the bird with the head of the bird, and draw on the side of the side and the upper and lower wings. Painted the mouth, tail feathers, and flying feathers with thick ink. Use titanium white dots bird's body pattern, light stossing chest, cinnabar dyeing mouth and bird's claws, and finally used vine yellow to dye the eye.

2. Sanqing plus anthocyan nods, draw your eyes and draw your mouth with a thick ink, and then draw the hair on his head. Sanqing plus the blue painting bird's hair, drawing the abdomen with light stones, sketching outlines, cinnabar dyed mouth and drawing bird's paw, and vine yellow dyeing eye.

鹊

Dip the thick ink to draw your mouth and eyes, and paint your head and neck feathers. Dip the stroke of the middle ink side drawing the chest and abdomen, draw the feathers of the back feathers, leave the white feathers, paint wings feathers, and add tail feathers to it. The light ink center draws the chest and abdomen, the legs and claws are drawn with thick ink, and the goose yellow dyed the eye.

The benefits of learning Chinese painting

Xue Guo painting is a very cultivated thing. It not only liberates the nature of people, brings a sense of satisfaction and accomplishment, but also realizes self -affirmation in the work.

1. Learning Chinese painting is a good companion. A person's life is divided into many stages. When he was a teenager, he could use his words; when you were young, life pressure was huge, and he could decompress it with painting. When he was middle -aged, the children had become a family business, and they were close to retirement. The sense of loneliness, you can draw a pastime at this time. Those who learn Chinese paintings, with their own cultural accumulation and the continuous improvement of artistic cultivation, his paintings are also old -fashioned wines, which are becoming more mellow and more moving.

2. Xue Guo painting can cultivate sentiment. Learning Chinese paintings requires artistic conception, paying attention to connotation, truth, kindness, and beauty. Express your feelings through pen and ink, cultivate artistic atmosphere, and cultivate sentiment. The artistic atmosphere will always be accompanied by you. With art in life, you will feel that your world is full of poetry.

3. Xue Guo painting can improve their aesthetics. Chinese painting has the characteristics of simplicity and generalization. When learning Chinese paintings, concentrate on concentration, to write, and work hard, so that you can develop good learning habits, which can not only cultivate learning ability and understanding ability, but also improve aesthetic ability and ability to be aesthetic. Learning interest.

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","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HY6Cd24Eyoas46xGrUXcpzhsnfb"},,"attrs":{"height":343,"note":[{"type":" Text "," Text ":" Recommend ink "," ID ":" "}]," url ":" {{Image_domain}} TOS-CN-I-QVJ2LQ49K0/4067FAE8B9D8BFCDCC4D10C1D96 "," Width ": 456} " Text ":" "," id ":" lgwsdieawow0mwxqdpxccfs8n7g "}, {" type ":" paragraph "," children ": [{" type ":" text "," text ":" Brand, representing the product of the lion calligraphy ink, has a strong blackness, strong layered, lighted five colors, fluent writing, synthetic resin glue (condensed at minus 20 ° C), suitable for painting and calligraphy in four seasons, should be mounted. Suitable for practicing, producing general works and producing valuable works, it is the first choice for enthusiasts and professionals. 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Because these pigments are derived from minerals, they retain their bright colors over thousands of years. "ID": ""}], "Text": "", "ID": "PI04DCOYWO0GIEXAQAVC1ITYNWF"}, {"type": "heading", "attrs": {"level": 3}, "childrenren", "childrenren", "childrenren", "childrenren", "childrenren", "childrenren ": {" type ":" text "," text ":" plant pigment "," id ":" "}]," text ":" "," id ":" pqccdqa2co8w4cxwmhlcazomnug "}, {" type " : "Paragraph", "Children": [{"type": "text", "text": "Plant pigments include anthoca, rattan yellow, rouge, foreign red. Plant pigments and chemical pigments have good penetration and high transparency. Except for a few pigments such as Garcinia, most have no hiding ability. Therefore, it is generally not advisable to cover color with color. This is why Chinese paintings must be written accurately and avoid repeated revisions. "ID": ""}], "Text": "", "ID": "hgkedyu2eogg8sxuwfxc1pvnnnpg"}, {"type": "heading", "att still": {"level": 3}, "childrenren", "childrenren", "childrenren", "childrenren", "childrenren", "childrenren", "childrenren", "childrenren", "childrenren", "childrenren", "childrenren", "childrenren", "childrenren", "childrenren", "childrenren", "Childrenren", "Childrenren ": {" type ":" text "," text ":" chemical pigment "," ID ":" "}]," text ":" "," id ":" lacdomgwoes4ex4vr8cfh36ntf "}, {" type " : "Paragraph", "Children": [{"type": "text", "text": "Chemical paint has eosin red, dark red, red, chromium yellow, and blue. "ID": ""}], "Text": "", "ID": "VowgdeokMouoayxShkvcktljnfc"}, {"type": "heading", "attrs": {"level": 3}, "childrenren", "childrenren", "childrenren", "childrenren", "childrenren", "childrenren", "childrenren", "childrenren", "childrenren", "childrenren", "childrenren", "childrenren", "childrenren", "childrenren": 3}, "Childrenren" ": {" type ":" text "," text ":" Features and use "," ID ":" "}]," Text ":" "," ID ":" q0yudi62soap4cx4jc2ebtnde "}, {" typeer ":" Paragraph "," Children ": [{" Type ":" Text "," Text ":" Liges: Minerals, but its quality is light, translucent, can be used alone, can be adjusted with other pigments after adjustment, or other pigments. Using is a widely used pigment. In Dancai landscape, it is often used as the main color of mountain stones and trunks, and can also be used to paint the distant mountains under the sunset. In flower and bird paintings, often reconcile with other color materials with ink (after reconciliation) or mixed use, or mixed use, mostly used for drawing branches, dry, and fur. In character painting, the color of the character's skin is often used. Turning into the green or green can be used for painting distant mountains and old leaves. Yansata Kato Huang is yellow, and is used in the yellow leaves of late autumn, the soil slopes and grassy roads in the autumn scenery. Add vermiculite to the grass green and adjust it into the green slope and soil diameter in autumn. "ID": ""}], "Text": "", "ID": "Iq4edCgicogy0ix6walck0mdnmf"}, {"type": "paragraph", "children": [{"type": "text" "Text": "Zhu Xi: Mineral or artificial synthesis. It is often used with rouge, ocean red, and rattan yellow. Zhu Xi has a thick and bright color. "ID": ""}], "Text": "", "ID": "TSWWD8SMOOOO2SGXI0GLC21VMNFF"}, {"Type": "Paragraph", "Children": [{"type": "text", "text", "text" "Text": "Cinnabar: minerals, are natural mercury, and have artificially synthesized cinnabar in modern times. They are strongly covered. They are generally used alone, and they are mostly used in the autumn red leaves, flowers, and pavilions railings. It should not be used in stone green and stone green. In fact, all mineral pigments, except for rouge, are generally not suitable to reconcile with the plant color. "ID": ""}], "Text": "", "ID": "XQ2GDKOIQOEIGGGXKJ5NCTVPINTH"}, {"type": "paragraph", "children": [{"type": "text" "Text": "Shi Qing: Minerals, with strong cover power. The rocks used to cover the protruding parts in the green landscape are the main color of the green landscape. During the production process of Shiqing, after being grinded by the stone, according to its gratitude, Shi Qing can be divided into head Qing, Erqing, Sanqing, and Siqing. Generally, landscape painting only uses the two greens and three greens with a lighter texture, and is mostly used for leaf and wake up. Because Shi Qing is relatively rough, when you are stained with rocks, you generally have to gradually go to the feet in several times. "ID": ""}], "Text": "", "ID": "FWMCDEQKIO6UGWXEZ0CCCXWNVD"}, {"type": "paragraph", "children": [{"type": "text", "text" "Text": "Stone green: minerals, strong cover power. After being eliminated, it can also be divided into head green, two green, three green, and four green. The head green is heavier, the color is darker, and the landscape painting is less. Ervis, Sanlu are widely used in light color and heavy colorful landscape paintings. The stone green can be used in combination with grass green (such as the grass green adjusted by Coski Kato). At this time, the color method (or the grass green base is used, and the stone green is covered after drying; Grass green). "ID": ""}], "Text": "", "ID": "NOYUDQYWEOSCOMXIGYYYCRUCKN2G"}, {"type": "paragraph", "children": [{"type": "text", "text" "Text": "Shihuang: Minerals, only used in landscape painting to order autumn scenery leaf and autumn moss. Draw a large number of mature crops. You can first use vermiculite and vine yellow to damp it. "ID": ""}], "Text": "", "ID": "KSS4DE8OIMIEQXGOZCO02FN9E"}, {"type": "paragraph", "children": [{"type": "text", "text" "Text": "Gold powder: minerals, in addition to the general imported gold powder, there are also Buddha red mud gold and green red mud gold gold. They are developed with gold foil. The former is warm and the latter is cold. It is used for heavy -duty landscape paintings, gongbi, figures, flowers and birds, and is generally used in hook lines. "ID": ""}], "Text": "", "ID": "GYUKD4YYIOGC6EXIOHJCSBS7NRD"}, {"type": "paragraph", "children": [{"type": "text", "text" "Text": "Silver powder: minerals, usefulness as gold powder. "ID": ""}], "Text": "", "ID": "AaymdSuksooxqyv4ctyffnug"}, {"type": "paragraph", "children": [{"type": "text" "Text": "White powder: minerals or artificial synthesis, lead white, zinc white, clam powder, etc. The lead tube is also called zinc titanium white.不透明。 Drawing clouds, snow, waterfalls, flowers and birds, characters, etc. all need to be used. Zinc titanium white can also be used in harmony with anthocyan, vine, vermiculite, and even ink, but it is difficult to grasp. If you draw a poplar trunk, you can adjust the green. "ID": ""}], "Text": "", "ID": "UOIYDUE8OUY8XPHGICDR6TNWZ"}, {"type": "paragraph", "children": [{"type": "text", "text", "text", "type": "text", "Text": "Green: Plants or artificial synthesis, translucent, can be reconciled with a variety of pigments such as rattan yellow, foreign red, vermiculite, white powder, etc., which are extremely widely used. Both need to be green or their blended color. Bridge with Fujima, different greens according to the ratio of different ratios. After turning the blue and white ink, it is called the green ink, and its color is dark green (snail). After harmony with eosin or rouge, it is purple. "ID": ""}], "Text": "", "ID": "EIWEDO6YGO8KCOXSVMICL6TDNCG"}, {"Type": "Paragraph", "Children": [{"type": "text" "Text": "Tenghuang: Plants, which are based on the resin of Fujimoto plants. Lead pipes have a certain cover ability. In landscapes, flowers, birds, and figure paintings, it can be used alone, but also blended with many other pigments or ink (can be adjusted into olive green), which is widely used. With foreign red, Zhu Xi, or rouge, you can mix out orange, and can become sandalwood with vermiculite. "ID": ""}], "Text": "", "ID": "EAOOONKQQQGOI0Y2XA7YBCGU09NRI"}, {"Type": "Paragraph", "Children": [{"Type": "Text", "TEXT", "Text" "Text": "Western red: also known as Western Red and Eosin. Plants or artificial synthesis, translucent. In flower and bird paintings, they are mostly used alone or reconciled. They are used for painting flowers, red leaves, fruits and vegetables, and have a wide range of uses. Most of the landscape paintings are used for drawing pavilions, roofs, red leaves, etc., and many of them are used for face, lips, and bottom decorations in character painting. "ID": ""}], "Text": "", "ID": "DEYMDSMECOQA0OXC4UFCNBIHNQC"}, {"Type": "Paragraph", "Children": [{"Type": "Text", "TEXT", "Text" "Text": "Rouge: Plants, which are rouge products, are translucent. The peach blossoms and autumn leaves used in landscape paintings can be used in flower and bird painting to draw purple -red fruits and vegetables, fur, flowers, leaves, leafs, buds, and also use their point of flowers, hooking their tendons. In character painting, it can be used for painting characters, cotton cloth, clothing, flowers, etc. Rouge and eosin and Zhu Xi can call out various red hue. When you enter the ink, it becomes purple. "ID": ""}], "Text": "", "ID": "Mqamdseyuoy0eexeytdciimdngf"}, {"type": "paragraph", "children": [{"type": "text", "text" "Text": "Dahong: similar to the color of the eosin, slightly lighter than the eloquent. Usage is the same as eosin. "ID": ""}], "Text": "", "ID": "Euekd2cy0oswikxqISNCUBARN8P"}, {"type": "heading", "attrs": {"level": 3}, "childrenren": 3}, "childrenren ":[{"type":"text","text":"颜色调配方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TGCcdgeWkoKigkxWYGzcmPM9nVb"},{"type ":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"颜料中任何一种颜色加入白色都会使之变为粉色或变淡颜色。本颜料与颜料之间可以任意调配使用，若要稀释时只要加少许清水即可。丙烯颜料在水分挥发后即干透，因此作画时对程序要心中有数，以使笔触衔接自然，达到预想效果。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BaKWd64syoMwK4xNdTDcdTXEnOY"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、草绿：约70％花青＋30％藤黄调配而成，画工笔花卉的叶子最常用的色彩之一。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YMYmdMig2oYqSYxSybPc4ANcnoc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、汁绿：约80％藤黄＋15％花青＋5％朱磦调和成的嫩绿色，常用来作为反叶的底色和嫩叶的底色。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SkGgdskm0oKwmyxqoxUc3OT3nwg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、老绿：草绿中微加墨或微加点胭脂，常用来罩染处于暗部的叶子色彩，薄薄的老绿也可用来渲染反叶。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YskEd2SeMoiWCcxyoVtcczeznic"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、檀香色：约70％藤黄＋20％朱磦＋10％三绿调配而成，加大量水以后常用来刷背景，也可作为嫩芽和托叶的底色。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VeuGdwsqoogS0SxSuz4cnXYsncf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、米黄：约70％藤黄＋30％赭石，主要用来刷背景，在重彩画的绘制中打一层米黄底色容易取得色彩和谐。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SwU6dGcaqo6iIyxIDfyclf0anac"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、三绿：石绿＋白色而得，白色加的越多则就变成四绿、五绿等。三青、四青等色彩也是同理。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Omeodi0UAoAeYQxs49QczWDSnGh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、老赭：朱磦＋墨调和而成，接近熟褐色。常用来提染枝干或提染叶面被虫咬蚀的部分。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WYQ0dC6WsosKkIxcFhkccU28ngf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"8、胭脂水：胭脂色＋大量水调和而成。主要用来复勒线条，曙红水、花青水等说法同理","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DgYad2C6YoiEmGxUbxRcu1aMn7f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"9、豆绿色（三绿＋藤黄＋少许酞青蓝）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z6QgdwA86oOakixQ5CjcmteAn1f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"10、墨红色（曙红＋稍许墨）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TGuIdcUAkoEiwExozZLc5FWHntg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"11、赭绿色（赭石＋草绿）。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EgcqdUgm4oeSq6xS26NcFNLbnpf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"12、古铜色（朱磦＋墨＋少许藤黄＋少许曙红）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E8yOdM6s8oGsAkxqy0gcAwZHnFg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"13、汁绿色（草绿＋藤黄＋少许朱磦）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HOSSdiIeUouqU0xxGhncfMdQnv0"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"14、灰绿色（三绿＋少许墨）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IGeCdOWU2oQmCuxUVsecJfYPn1c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"15、芽绿色（汁绿＋藤黄）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BiumdsQUMoyg0KxAt1dcoOKIntg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"16、米黄色（藤黄＋朱磦＋少许墨）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IyAwdiUI6oYY0ExQxLwcjug4nmb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"17、桔黄色（藤黄＋朱磦）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Miq2dMcwKoo8GQx48E6cl93JnDd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"18、墨青色（花青＋墨）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M2AqdEO0qoMasUxsb0OclJ1NnDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"19、藏青蓝（酞青蓝＋墨＋少许石青）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M4KAde8scosaOSxAZnXc99oknNh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"20、绛红色（胭脂＋朱磦＋少许墨）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YiuQdagysoaGAKx2bN0cyTu0nTg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"21、紫色（曙红＋少许酞青蓝）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Nu0idIeeYomUwsxukW6cI9lznzh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"22、墨绿色（草绿＋少许墨）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"F48sduamyoWuikxQf6rcAIGXnNf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"23、老绿色（草绿＋少许胭脂）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Pi26dmoCyoMSIuxcjCjcH1a9ncd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"24、翠绿色（酞青蓝＋藤黄＋少许翡翠绿）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OwIudC8UCogwaMx9z2OczONDncp"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"25、褐色（赭石＋墨）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W8QudCUQsoMoGSxKOlAcEwGXnIg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"26、檀香色（藤黄＋朱磦＋少许三绿）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DG4qdQcC2o2eQKx8ZCTcDtAOnjd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"27、蓝灰色（花青＋白粉＋少许三青）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GCWCdqU6Ioe8SYxMj95cQxcfnBf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"28、豆沙色（胭脂＋朱磦＋少许花青）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DUMCdq4eCoyMQMxagD5cfqklnVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"29、土红色（朱磦＋少许胭脂）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ta4kdyqQMosc8qxe2urcxAgnnkg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"30、青绿色（草绿＋少许酞青蓝）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I6YUd28Cioyieyx6Gzec3RYynQf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"31、四绿色（三绿＋白色）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ug6od4Umyo84coxEXJecopO7nMe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"32、胭脂水（胭脂＋大量水）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BcmgdWYcooyiO2xILldc5mc1nVf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"33、青灰色（花青＋少许墨＋白色）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QiI4dO4GKoOcOIx7DWTc58lTnhD"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"34、蓝色（酞青蓝＋三青）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Dy0sdSgAyoka8Uxwn70czXkXnsd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"35、朱红色（朱磦＋曙红）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NkYsdUWAGo44uCxS8fBcCbZan7b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"36、紫青色（胭脂＋少许酞青蓝）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YCgmde406oSogGx2xMscGWFNn8d"},,"attrs":{"height":398,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"颜色调配方法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/41e1d95b6acf409292978e4241f53b42","width":533},"text":"","id":"GUowdK8sqomYOwxWE24cSjBcnuc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐颜料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I0Aad80AeosIkOxWwr3cAZVdnzf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"目前，书画店中所售的国画颜料，从包装方式上也有两种：一种是传统手工制作的小纸盒包装的颜料片，质量较好，且加过胶，只要用水化开即可使用。另一种是颜料厂制作的铅管包装的颜料，挤出来即可使用，但质量不如片制颜料。初学绘画，多使用后一种。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K2I6dE8wOoaY4KxcRPacyCD6nGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学者选择马利、樱花牌（樱花无沉淀更细腻）都可以。马利黄色包装的可能会有颗粒沉淀，蓝色盒子的颜料更细腻一点。要求高一点的可以去买吉祥牌，另外一开始不建议你们入瓶装或纸包的矿物质颜料，又烧钱又染色时掌握不好比较难出效果。 （比如姜思序堂）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YmYQdy8SWoCCOexyaN0c5V4gnsc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":277,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐颜料","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d67ca780bafb49768ce6ec5abe21e67d","width":661},"text":"","id":"NuOadAwKSoc4c8xop6Xc3hnWn0e"},,"attrs":{"height":309,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐颜料","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ff72111d3cad4e8aaddb9e9ca384cfcb","width":679},"text":"","id":"TkCQd4AcAoGk6AxWfWDcXP9vnZs"}],"text":"","id":"UgGSdEuuSooaCSxwYzkcD4rZnbb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"宣纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UgGSdEuuSooaCSxwYzkcD4rZnbb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"写意画选生宣，工笔画选熟宣，生宣纸又分棉皮，净皮，特皮，檀皮含量多少而定。檀皮量多则是特皮，适合大写意，洇墨厉害，多画于山水画，更能突显水墨意境。小写意用净皮，适应画花鸟画，墨色浓淡相宜好掌握。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RomedeSscoGK6qxIjKFcyLwQntb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画国画的宣纸和卡纸都有生宣，孰宣之分，不同的是着色润染效果。写意画用宣纸画更能突显墨韵感，意境。卡纸晕染效果不及生宣，适应画小写意，浓淡相宜，墨色恰到好处。用卡纸可以画花鸟画，宣纸画山水画，卡纸一个好处是画好了不用裱画直接装框。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NQ8kdeU8coYkesxAtnBcIgz3ndh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用宣纸画画的时可以重复叠色，而卡纸不行润染几次就会起毛边，所以形要准，着色一遍而过。涂背景时也是如此，不适应反复上色，深浅掌握好，两遍而过。初学者适合用宣纸画，花鸟画，山水画画个一遍，熟练生巧后换卡纸画。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M6MQdWueCoMAiKxiEP6cLBHinUh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐用纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Cmeydi622oo62axc5GCc5KqvnGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"与中国画笔墨最为匹配的载体无疑要首推安徽径县出产的宣纸，这种纸在发挥中国画笔墨表现力方面很强，物理性能稳定。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MoEqdAwUOoOa8ExeQOMc3HCensd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"徽州的宣纸最好，品牌有很多，名牌的初学者不适用，一般的就可以。除了红星，双鹿，汪同王的宣纸很好用，墨润效果还不错。用宣纸画画外还可以尝试用卡纸画画，不用裱画，直接装框就好。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LWAQdyi0Go2qOcxQRz9cjK2Lnch"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在选择熟宣纸时一定要慎重，好纸不一定白，太白说明增白剂太多，不利久藏；好的熟宣纸纸白但不刺眼，反光柔和，纸内不能有草梗、沙粒、裂口、洞眼及其他附着物。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FqMmdESYooE2Ksxy3AXcw22rnZS"},,"attrs":{"height":216,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐用纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4e629ba2e44842e399767d287b8a873c","width":328},"text":"","id":"Am4ed0uoYomggExQVbucUBarnZc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"生宣纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IyECdag2koYssQxWWOKcKLzpnHg"},,"attrs":{"height":208,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐用纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c31bba533585492cafc91b26446c78d7","width":463},"text":"","id":"Fi4ydYQuqo2Ek0xEAg3c3fqxnUp"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"熟宣纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SuaedKyesokyOKxmr4BcooLNnrb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QWG6daIQGoQQ86xIpfPclO68nhf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"作画时维镇纸是中国古代传统工艺品。 Refers to something used to press paper when writing and painting. The most common ones are rectangular bars. For this reason, they are also called weight rulers and pressure rulers. ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JkqEdgEMeoMGgSxCok2cWHeEnkc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text", "text":"镇纸的材质多种多样，以玉、瓷、竹、木、铁、铜居多，上面通常雕刻有兰、菊、梅、竹并配以诗句的图案，也有动物和人物的立体图像。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZOKSdSmMSoMka4x2F05cAup6nSg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DqmwdS4mWo0aEAx4GOlchOIBnnd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"现在市场上有各种各样的镇纸，可以根据自己的需求购买。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RYC8dYWK8occIkxeSHMcWRu6nUf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、Noritake则武宫崎骏龙猫TOTORO站立水晶镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Zkimd8eCsoqIKyxYjKwcv0WPnmf"},,"attrs":{"height":282,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/57243f0c12ac4ac2a2d4f06ca9f30184","width":305},"text":"","id":"OYqQdyqw2oioi4x6BHXc87uvnje"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、青云笔社小鹅镇秦陵水禽系列镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H8wGdqcWKoaU0gxETpkcLPljnVf"},,"attrs":{"height":308,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0b5898d8282046db82d471464c2fb4cd","width":289},"text":"","id":"Imk4daag2o6EwmxeKnVcfm49nSe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、弘可手工铸铁小猫咪镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ayeydg28soweKixOoZOcnzBAnkf"},,"attrs":{"height":227,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/20c06990d731480aacfe82d517c892de","width":243},"text":"","id":"KcmIdOyWaogmmgx2BbKc2vWTnzc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、臻言粉莲水晶镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TGCQdaIy8ougQ4xiAkycMsi1npb"},,"attrs":{"height":295,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3a58f33ef43a4205ad248c4132fd7f0f","width":476},"text":"","id":"LscAdyscGoACsix64rMcsswPnZf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、御宝阁纯手工景德镇手绘陶瓷镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TImydQeIIoC4wwxSKgqcLlapnzb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"手工绘制的陶瓷镇纸有两款可选，一个是葫芦蟋蟀，还有是墨趣。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VOqidQW0Io4cYAxuq9jcl35Gnzd"},,"attrs":{"height":289,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e914f07368d245248e45ac3d19b562b3","width":430},"text":"","id":"Q44SdguKCoqs6ex6dmmceKZQnYb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、臻言加重款国画蓝图方镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LKgGdiCwQoMqKoxc5AEceJRKn8b"},,"attrs":{"height":201,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/394dffaedd0b4c2f83a8ef9448a78c16","width":474},"text":"","id":"J8uAdCYwYo6EEaxkrilc9yXunTc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、臻言原创加重款云山书画镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NqcYdgOIqoAaO2xaMLic5nOUnre"},,"attrs":{"height":364,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b55ab0ed8ab445a4aa200f10913b4b60","width":493},"text":"","id":"YQEydyi42ogEcKxaTBUc5AgFnP0"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔洗","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AwskdcgCKo6uYcxaoFwcbPi8n7g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔洗是一种传统工艺品，属于文房四宝笔、墨、纸、砚之外的一种文房用具，是用来盛水洗笔的器皿，以形制乖巧、种类繁多、雅致精美而广受青睐，传世的笔洗中，有很多是艺术珍品。笔洗有很多种质地，包括瓷、玉、玛瑙、珐琅、象牙和犀角等，基本都属于名贵材质。各种笔洗中，最常见的是瓷笔洗。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ca0wdKqaAoyk4OxBD5ecz7TTnxT"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔洗的作用是可以润笔，在绘画中，许多用水特技都是靠笔洗来实现。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HSu8dmoacouEUex6IgycJGgInMh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学者预算不够可以随便找个水桶代替。推荐几个笔洗的店铺荣宝斋、宝霆容山堂/RONGSHANGTANG、赋比兴等。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W8YqdIoKmoOCkqxy2B6ccbJvnUe"},,"attrs":{"height":323,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔洗","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f7532f28ee394cd9b403dfb752bf910b","width":422},"text":"","id":"GYISd6ew4oUiggxfl3hcCB2knqI"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"毛毡","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OW40dKaswoiwAqxuIiqcOFGVn4g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"制作书画毡的材料主要是羊毛或化纤，因材料和工艺的差别，而产出各式各样的书画毡。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RQ6kd8gMMoGgIuxsnEPcGD0dnre"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用它衬在宣纸下面，防止画画时的墨汁、颜色等渗透到宣纸背面的桌面上、进而污染宣纸，弄得画面上一塌糊涂；衬了毛毡，因为毛毡不吸水，就不会发生上述现象了。画国画用的毛毡在国画用品商店里有售，大小不一，根据自己的画幅大小选购。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZaOWdqUmuoGcKAxKImqcuPcqnhg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学者用一块常见的带有米字格的书画毡就差不多，市面上这类书画毡有50厘米×50厘米的，也有50厘米×70厘米的。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HwSgdC6y8o2qMQxiaidc6Woln8f"},,"attrs":{"height":342,"note":[{"type":" text","text":"毛毡","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5c331930a1624282be0d17bd4a607c02","width":600},"text ":"","id":"E2CMd2ewUoOCiKxEpVpcZ5znnAb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"购买之前，务必看清楚毛毡的size.然后看毛毡上米字格的大小，一般毛毡上的格子大小为10厘米，小一点的毛毡的格子可能是9厘米的。可以看厚度，以这种印有米字格的书画毡来说，质量特别次的毛毡都不会太厚，有时候墨汁太多还真有可能透过去。厚度2毫米以上的毛毡，对于国画初学者来说就够了。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QIUadsS04oAKkUxQvg1cGyrUnkh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果要画大幅的作品，那就需要买大的厚的毛毡，更大更厚的毛毡托墨性能和吸墨能力更强，显然也更合适。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZcoGdYiiCoAWK2xALqZcwtN0n3e"},,"attrs":{"height":342,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"毛毡","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/27d7901b4e3546fcb514d974743cdcf2","width":600},"text":"","id":"B2yYd8mSco6Ikox6kaXcGIhLn2g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"砚台","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TaksdSigSouCu8xcd1McGILnn8f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"砚台是用来磨墨和装墨汁的，初学者可用小碟子代替用来装墨。如果想拥有更好的砚台可以选购妙峰牌徐公砚。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YKY4dYA08o6OuUxSyJoc8d4Hnie"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"其他","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WEiSdysasoe4scxYCe3cfuwCnab"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"纸胶带/水胶带：绷宣纸用的；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RYccdUoQwo6IksxUd4AcpyPBnJb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"喷壶：绷绢、做特殊效果时会使用；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RqeMdcMiCo4K28xUk1OcpKGfn9L"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"底纹笔/底纹刷：用来刷底色的大刷子，羊毫做的，要很软才行；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CuIid8SUGoQMOqxclVmc6P4Jnhd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"美工钉、盘子（调色用）。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YK8edSoAAocScyxQFg1czNXdn3b"},,"attrs":{"height":385,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"其他","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/789fbf32554a4600b69c7bf35bbb982a","width":195},"text":"","id":"DGSIdGQu2o2woGx6ZtIcu0SsnWa"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画技法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O6sOdyMAmoKQWAxBrTwcSZconnn"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画技法的主要有构思、构图、用笔、用墨、设色、收拾等方面，其中用笔用墨为最基本的技法）。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T2k4dWseQoyUQuxoe9OcPKhHnR3"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"构思——又叫立意，即作画之前的形象思维过程。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"D6widwik6o0Ys6xKAQhcQqHmn9g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"构图——即六法中的“经营位置”，又叫置陈布势等。亦即画面各种物象的位置、比例、墨色等的安排。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JyYcdIieso4M8kxgnXGcZeyEnpg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用笔——即六法中的“骨法用笔”，有线描、勾勒、皴、擦、点染，笔用中锋、逆锋、藏锋、露锋、拖笔、破点等。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TgwAdSiw0oY0IexelRLcbM9Znib"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用墨——经历代画家发展有：焦、浓、重、淡、清、退、埃、宿等各种墨色，运用时须各得其所。又有泼墨、破墨（即浓淡相生）等具体技法。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DMe6dYSYioUogUxUDXEcRIAMn7c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"设色——白描：不设色，全用线条表现，或仅以淡墨、淡水色稍加渲染。重彩：一般指工笔重彩、勾勒填色、大青绿等。淡彩：以墨色为主调，敷以淡彩色。没骨：纯用色彩画，并不勾线。 （纯用墨点染，不沟勒的亦叫没骨。）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TkyAdqi0YoWACaxq0qfcYtmFnpe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"收拾——画成以后再作整体收拾，使全画最后达到气韵生动的境界。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MuoKdU4wsoOu20x25jqcRY9mnre"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SMgudEEOiocaAOx0ItHcooQbn3b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中国画表现形象的基本手段。我国历代画家在长期历史发展的过程中，已经形成了一套完整的笔墨技法和创造技巧。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QMC2dUKUWowI66x4UJPc2kwLnYd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NAK8dyyU2owqwMxWGUFcSkTonWg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"有白描、工笔、写其细部，整个画面纯用墨色，有的再加淡墨渲染。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BWiKd42gMoiceGx4pDMcz7QXnuh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"白描——用细线勾画出物象轮廓及其细部，整个画面纯用墨色。有的再加淡墨渲染。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LC0UdgCkuoaQswxwfq6cJbaunPS"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"白描从线条的粗细可分三类：较粗的线条叫琴弦，较细的线条叫铁线，极细的线条叫游丝。工笔画常常用这几种线条来表现作品，钉头鼠尾描、兰叶描、高古游丝描、铁线描、行云流水描。不论采用哪种线描，都突“写”字，使每一条线具有书法气韵。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IyKqdYcSIoSQEOxgvxjcK5N3nOf"},,"attrs":{"height":552,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a17d188e11e74dbb8a5a8c5e1d042a7a","width":419},"text":"","id":"MkWOdKg8womiE0xNUegclekznzB"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔——勾勒细腻精巧的叫工笔，工即工整工细之意，敷色也层也渲染，显得浑厚浓重。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XYqsdo6cGoQQ8WxaQbdcSqLun5d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔画是通过线条去观察、反映事物的，根据事物在轮廓和外表上的明确特征来了解事物。线条连绵不断、细密均匀，贯穿着整个事物形体的始终，表现出蓬勃灵动而精工逼真的视觉外貌。因此，线条成为画面的统领者，其视觉观察的方式是客观而具体的。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ci4AdekCCoQoOOxOUTZczfhxn2d"},,"attrs":{"height":464,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/83f4ec74e2274ab896eb97716b139b2b","width":503},"text":"","id":"HISYdccQGouIqMxMTZDcMfJUnwh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"写意——只写物象的大意，用笔简练流畅，笔墨自然，不用色的写意画，又称“水墨画”。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N2akdo4cKoa46sxgbH3ciPnZnjg"},,"attrs":{"height":418,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7ab4a9407042489d9cfaee0597cf3fda","width":615},"text":"","id":"BQo2dWOSyoYiGmxUjBfcqRQInRg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾勒着色——亦称“单线平涂”。它用笔先勾出物象边线，中间用墨或用色平涂。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZysYd8QGWo8OMExoT1HcfN9RnPc"},,"attrs":{"height":300,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f95bbf90a263427abe21e98eeaa39848","width":400},"text":"","id":"UIasduq0yo6scixyKIrc70Cxnag"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"粗细相间——亦称“兼工带写”。它比工笔要粗，比写意要工。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TUI0dyKScoIwgyxU7QKctpDYnYe"},,"attrs":{"height":1159,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4b6a43c83c5f499892d8fd5bd085b460","width":640},"text":"","id":"B0mQdgwuQoYMOMxe07FcgU7bn8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"粗中有细——如花草画得粗，但绕花飞动的小虫、蝴蝶、或蜻蜓等则画得很细。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VyI6dEeaqomQA8xoLb3cX0W0nZc"},,"attrs":{"height":549,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7c53e5df871044d9ae06de6690b34c71","width":375},"text":"","id":"KC8udSOq0oSQamxqaGYcoVLVnLf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"没骨法——一般不用墨线勾轮廓。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CIcgdQw0GoCQEgxCYzvcFE7tn6b"},,"attrs":{"height":895,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/aa45b0531e1b4882906302a75b418c63","width":640},"text":"","id":"B2uUdW2qKoQwKwxIrOncf7K8ntd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"泼墨法——是没骨法的扩展，用大块墨色，再运用自然形成的浓淡，加上较细的笔道，有的地方还露出飞白，这样才见精神。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RA4OdWIE4oi62mxIphHcLLZPnMd"},,"attrs":{"height":641,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c449c22ed9db49f7a92b956127ca3ae5","width":640},"text":"","id":"ZEk0d022wokGukxYjuhcpaJ9npd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"界画——一部或大部分用直尺画墨线组成的画，主要表现庄严雄韦的建筑物，如宫殿、庙宇、楼阁、亭台、水榭等，以及整齐精致的家具陈设等。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Xw66dUWu6oQqwmxoNoWcZ5Cnn3e"},,"attrs":{"height":658,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/39e9f26ad9df4720b0dccf043134bf3d","width":658},"text":"","id":"FgGydEcwiossIYxCJf6cOqtUnmI"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"设色","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IekIdUsMcosIAAxSoM5cNlxzn7d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"设色即六法中的“随类赋彩”。不同的色彩赋不同的感情，画家往往用色彩来表达他的感情。中国画常用的颜色有墨、藤黄、石黄、土黄、胭脂、洋红、朱砂、朱膘、赭石、花青、石青（可分头青、二青、三青等三种）、石绿（也分头绿、二绿、三绿等三种），白粉等。但基本颜色只有红、黄、蓝三种，即洋红、藤黄和花青。把上面的颜色加以配合，可以调出许多种颜色来。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FaAodeGyooCYAyxMn81cG5NFnhr"},,"attrs":{"height":1200,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"设色","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/538d351861514acb9ac7514b0dcda515","width":800},"text":"","id":"PyAkdqAMyo4Ai2xyaQEclA37nKf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨彩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WcGidW0WCoGAGExqglEcvp1tn8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。即对形象勾线或不勾线，完全用墨的浓淡来表现的叫墨彩。墨彩以淡雅为佳，因它用浓墨的面积不宜过大、过多，因为重墨多易使画面产生沉浊之感，但亦不能淡而失神，要使浓淡相宜，才具有清新神韵Effect. ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QiGodSk2eoM288xVE7Ic9tbcnxf"},,"attrs":{"height":493,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"墨彩","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a6860a91fc0444f3b6688f5dbf80bdb3","width":524},"text":"","id":"CguEdamw0o8gmCx4rEwcVs2Unqb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"淡彩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZgwadAyWioOiQixqigXc1jJgn9f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。即先墨彩的方法把对象画到八九分，然后用淡薄的色彩稍作渲染的叫淡彩。淡彩要做到色不碍墨、墨不离色，既能融合一体，又能显示墨的韵味，才能产生一种淡雅、朴素的效果。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IaucdcImyoKUwsxQP8ccHfl2nkd"},,"attrs":{"height":463,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"淡彩","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/41fe9b515ef54a3da7b98adaf6d0a955","width":640},"text":"","id":"Q0eadwC88oomeQxCOuDc2LZgnEc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"粉彩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WIgidM648okMeqxKgQZcClkBnsd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。在表现方法上多用于勾染和没骨。在颜色运用上以植物颜色和白粉为主，以水彩和淡薄的矿物质色为辅。粉彩勾线切忌用一色的浓墨，而要施淡墨为主。因为墨丝过浓和粉彩相并，则容易显得枯僵，缺乏妍丽。调粉的色彩不宜过厚，但也不能太淡薄，过淡则无神，要做到薄中见厚。粉彩用粉是重要关键。粉和色要用到晕化自然，不露粉痕，不显料气，干净滋润，才能发挥粉彩鲜明娇丽的特点。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EE88dWiWgo8EEaxuUircxgkQnT8"},,"attrs":{"height":720,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"粉彩","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f1b7cdb4942648cca37ed66f43cb449a","width":1280},"text":"","id":"YGa8deIEkosOyCxkFDGcfOKRnye"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"重彩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K2w4diuQWoGgskx67jScG3jqnGe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。重彩勾勒勾染的方法，并以服务态度和物质色为主，因用色比较厚重，所以色感较富丽带有装饰性称为重彩。重彩渲染要作到薄中见厚，厚中生津，染不露痕，深浅自然。切忌脏、花、斑、枯、火、腻等。这些毛病多出于顺序不对，用笔不轻顺，用色过厚或厚薄不匀。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K8cqdYAKYoKO28x4MBDc3GIanNe"},,"attrs":{"height":487,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"重彩","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/763fe3f55b10419ab0b5788a953e50d3","width":491},"text":"","id":"Wg0adkugComCEKxAVNRcdNhvnAf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"线描","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DOo4dCiayo8SMwxeO9Ycv4U7nme"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中国民族绘画的主要造型手段。是构成中国画民族风格的一个要素。线描是运用线的轻重、浓淡、粗细、方圆、转折、顿挫、虚实、长短、干湿、刚柔、疾徐等不同的笔法来表现物象的体积、形态、质感、量感和运动感的一method.它不着颜色，有时可有一些淡墨来略加渲染，具有独特的表现形式和造型规律，并富有韵味。用线的变化，要与造型的形式美紧密相连。其线或刚健、或婀娜、或轻灵、或凝重，由于用笔多变遂产生极为丰富的感觉。中国画用线造型的历史悠久，通过历代画家的长期实践和不断地创造，积累了大量的极为丰富的线描技法经验，仅画人物衣褶的描法就有“十八描”。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VuwSdgy8QoiuEQxWfQ7cEN6sn66"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用线描来造型的特点是清晰、简练、富有装饰性，可以完美地刻划各种现象，表现出千变万化的各种物象的新的生命。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EAuWdO04yoo66SxWqGlcUIqMn0b"},,"attrs":{"height":725,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"线描","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d5798f6f71eb41f6961cd2daddf656a4","width":581},"text":"","id":"HuIgdesUKouG0OxslVicyP2PnTd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"白描","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DO8qdswg4oOmIKxchB0clfHtnyh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中国画中完全用线条来表现物象的称“白描”。白描有单勾和复勾两种。用线一次成的单勾。单勾有用一色墨勾成的，也有根据不同对象用浓淡两种墨勾成的，例如花用淡墨勾，叶用浓墨勾。复勾是先用淡墨全部勾好，然后根据表面具体情况决定复勾一部分或全部。复勾的线不能依原路的线刻板地重迭地勾一道。复勾的目的，是加重质感和浓淡的变化，使物象显得更有神彩。复勾的线必须流畅自然，更防止受原线路的约束，否则复勾的线很易呆板。物象的形、神、光、色、体积、质感等关系就靠线条来表现，从某咱意义上说来，它比别的画法更不易掌握。白描要特别注意“朴素简洁”、“概括明确”的特点。在构图上的取舍力求单纯，对虚实、疏密要偏重于对比较强烈的安排，层次要分明，在线的处理上要带有装饰性、旋律性，防止碎乱、呆板、松散等毛病。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VgiGdMa4wouaKaxsvefcpHYznEC"},,"attrs":{"height":1025,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"白描","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8381750d01824193bcccd16eceb4163c","width":708},"text":"","id":"GgKedkqsAouqy0xyl8lckvFznpb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"刘公华白描仕女图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TUUedwEMYoyKmGx5YnBcszIPnyK"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"皴法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KeWudmeuAooYmgxF6AccWkZWnJH"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画表现技法之一。早期山水画的主要表现手法，是以线条勾勒轮廓，然后敷色。随着绘画的发展，为了表现山石树木的脉络纹路和（凸凹），因地质的结构不同，表现在山岳的外形上也各不相同。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HcQ4dgmQsomiUux05AmcqsMLnS6"},,"attrs":{"height":1215,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"皴法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/76985dc552b247529e286cda5a55b53b","width":614},"text":"","id":"Ju8udkKcUogGUMx8S0WcqwepnBb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"石涛深山秋水图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MMoId6GyUoKWicxuqb1cPOHMnze"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"皴法的种类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SIeUdE0okouyYOxAnY1cdmS9nig"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般有（1）披麻皴、（2）乱麻皴、（3）芝麻皴、（4）大斧劈、（5）小斧劈皴、（6）卷云皴、（7）雨点皴（雨雪皴）、（8）弹涡皴、（9）荷叶皴、（10）矾头皴、（11）骷髅皴、（12）鬼皮皴、（13）解索皴、（14）、乱柴皴、（15）牛毛皴、（16）马牙皴、（17）斫皴、（18）点错皴；（19）豆瓣皴、（20）刺梨皴（豆瓣皴之变）、（21）破网皴、（22）折带皴、（23）泥里拨钉皴、（24）拖泥带水皴、（25）金碧皴、（26）没骨皴、（27）直擦皴、（28）横擦皴等。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Aq8cdKc4koa2y4xKM2ec7Hkhn9g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WecAdyeUoosiWUxqSyac6C5mnwq"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古人说“墨即是色”，浓淡水墨可代替各种色彩。用墨要有浓淡干湿，只干不湿太瘠枯，只湿不干太臃肿，浓淡干湿结合起来，变化多，生动而有气韵。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QMi4de24moCG0oxARHscb9KmnOe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"用墨之法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IgmadOW2moWgmSxigdwcGcXjnbc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般有焦墨、积墨、破墨、擂墨等。焦墨是一种磨得极浓的墨，用焦墨的旁边须有浓淡墨为之晕浑，否则焦墨孤立，难见笔意。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Fi2gdm4mAoSkcmxykHQcLEEwnJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"积墨：用浓墨和淡墨连敷几次，有一种深厚的味道。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IKKodqUCqoWQYoxYtZucbZJxngd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"破墨：先用淡墨上纸，趁湿用湿墨加上，化出奇纱的韵味。拧在纸上捺转，略似鱼鳞，由浓渐淡，参差不齐，谓之擂墨。所以用墨和用笔不分不开的。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FeUYdII6Ao8CyixWYQWcTIm7nKb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"用笔六要","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AkWSdUyk2oeqaaxgxMycxtGnnqg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一要自然有力，切忌呆滞。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MgwUdEmQCoy24OxywMqccv1fnpq"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text", "text":"二要变化而有联系，要将粗、细、浓、淡、长、短、横、直、干、湿、轻、重根据物象参差需用，既有变化，还要互相connect. ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IkEwdOiwIoC6i6xGeifcbRuwnPf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三要苍老而滋润，苍老就显出含蓄的笔力，用笔光滑就显得雅嫩，过于苍老亦易枯燥，故须在苍老中滋润，也就是干湿并用。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KK0WdaUqIoCQ0AxGFHFcgL2Hnsb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"四要松灵而凝炼，松灵比自然更进一步，要活泼轻松有生趣，切忌油滑、轻浮，轻松之中要有重厚，凝练是一笔画去到尽端有回锋。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PC6QdsqcYo4YC0xdCi4chTaPnJN"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"五要刚柔相济，即在轻柔中有骨力。所谓“线棉裹铁”才能稳厚，刚健的锋中要参以巧运，“扛鼎中有妩媚。”故一笔中要能刚健婀娜兼有之。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SCiAdQeUmoyakKxUFiyccL1vnTd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"六要巧拙互用，用笔朴质显得老实，故要在巧笔中夹几笔拙，在拙笔中夹几笔巧，应巧拙互用，方为得法。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JAIydWGImo4AuwxA5EOchZpvnhg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画笔法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N80qdKkIqoEegIxuabdc9501nLe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"讲基本运笔技法之前我们要先了解握笔的姿势。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PG8EdIqOcoyIooxY7jScEUU6nUf"},,"attrs":{"height":720,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"国画笔法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fea3659ff3dd4b6da012c7a055f68899","width":720},"text":"","id":"QUgSdqommoQy2KxkXe1cUPp7nTe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画的笔法有六种，分别是中锋、侧锋、逆锋、拖锋、折钗股与屋漏痕、飞白锋。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WkoadosWaosIk0xG5BKcKD3dnob"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"中锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J28adcUQso26ACxmgescrkcDn3g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中锋即锥形毛笔笔尖在毛笔的运行过程中，始终处在用笔的中心位置。中锋用笔是中国画用笔方法的首要特征。其特点是：笔力饱满，内涵丰富。外柔内刚，极富表现力。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T8IOd8qQ0o4okYxOqewcHqtfnvc"},,"attrs":{"height":667,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"中锋","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3223481cd799429dbb6657ee9fa19232","width":720},"text":"","id":"Sm66dA0WwoEcaWxmCJLcGF76n11"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"侧锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K88kduUUUoUYyaxmGnwcPFaanCc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"侧锋的执笔是把笔管横卧或倾斜。与纸成各种角度，笔尖不在墨线中间，笔尖在墨线一侧，并出现飞白的效果。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VwqcdEwO8o4uq6xUpaWc7S98nXc"},,"attrs":{"height":572,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"侧锋","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e276677b0d4f491e92805d832b573a28","width":720},"text":"","id":"EmU8do20co6EEyxiOeRcoKTVnkg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"逆锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PMIydG0GUoGAy4xWAobcHFJ0nWb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"逆锋是相对于正手位置顺行方向的反方向毛笔运行方法。逆锋运笔阻力增大，笔锋聚散，松紧变化不同于顺笔意味。特点是笔力刚硬，力透纸背，但缺少柔劲。不可常用，适可而止。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AqGwdYyEMoOqeixQrakcD6uAnae"},,"attrs":{"height":641,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"逆锋","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5459b9bc97d34767b4e7214de5dcb0d1","width":720},"text":"","id":"X4q6dykcWoOYOkxchR2cbn68ngh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"露锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"S4EUdIacuoii4QxGKk4c3c5Mnhh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"于藏锋的运笔刚好相反，它以笔尖着纸，故意露出笔锋，收笔时渐行渐提笔杆。以这种笔法画出的线条灵活而飘逸。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TKmEdEAAook4KUxcV12cT3aNnyb"},,"attrs":{"height":670,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"露锋","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ed17f41112ba4887b51768a4c1ae66e5","width":720},"text":"","id":"A6gqdkSKEoSWOYx2gWEceI8lnLG"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"藏锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CeWqd8GIyo2m6GxIHwpc7vGInle"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔锋要藏而不露，画出的线条才沉着含蓄，力透纸背。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Gi0ydSwe2ooyuyxc1zScvHdqn8Y"},,"attrs":{"height":577,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"藏锋","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/42fa82b8a251498fb0539707de50c7b7","width":720},"text":"","id":"NAeOdscsqo4SO8x2g7xc8ob9nnb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"顺锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZOMQdEwAKoqgEqx2V4BcBgOXnig"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"运笔与逆锋相反，采用拖笔运行，画出的线条轻快流畅、灵秀活泼。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Pko4dMokWoO4WCxS45gcMY9mnpg"},,"attrs":{"height":613,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"顺锋","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/63b50b5d54eb4aebad9b0cb1dcebef91","width":720},"text":"","id":"DIwWdcieioU86Ox4tPtcb1YWnYf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"扩展资料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BQo8dUAmgo02AsxUDPlcROWynGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所谓笔法，写字作画用笔的方法，即中国画特有的用线方法。中国书画主要都以线条表现，所用工具都是尖锋毛笔，要使书画的线条点画富有变化，必先讲究执笔，在运笔时掌握轻重、快慢、偏正、曲直等方法，称为“笔法” . ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YkucdS6qUoqKOyxuwB5c6tGGnR3"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画有着自己明显的特征，讲究“气韵生动”，不拘泥于物体外表的肖似，而多强调抒发作者的主观情趣。中国画讲求“以形写神”，追求一种“妙在似与不似之间”的感觉。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Wa0QdooUQoyEwMxeAgvcbRicnre"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"讲究笔墨神韵，笔法要求：平、圆、留、重、变。墨法要求墨分五色，焦、浓、重、淡、清。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Gg6EdM6kEogoMQxCRk3ciyysntb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"讲究“骨法用笔”，不讲究焦点透视，不强调环境对于物体的光色变化的影响。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SU4YdYMCIoQa4sx0c4ocpZoCnUf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"讲究空白的布置和物体的“气势”。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JYYEd6082o4GW8x4uK0cmVODnac"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画分科","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FeuUd4momoUeoExGOA3c3COsn1b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画总分为工笔和写意两种，大致又分工笔花鸟，工笔山水，工笔人物，写意花鸟，写意山水，写意人物等。写意用生宣，工笔用熟宣，也有半生不熟的纸可以画一些兼工带写。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Laq0dqaaqoIYEAxAZX9cyXQFnQh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画的细分科按形式分，工笔，写意；工笔讲究“工”，用笔细致，需要细细勾勒反复渲染的；写意讲“意”，用笔洒脱，以形写神，一笔到位。按题材分，人物、花鸟、山水。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ye2WdaUC8ocwCMxUbkecu2EMnsb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PQkedcOaeo8wOgxMHXlcvaoqnrg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔画步骤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BK62dmyuwoQgasxk5kPcde9Znad"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"起稿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HSaGdY4MkoYumKxQrc6cLMTWnZc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"可用铅笔在图画纸上对临起稿，或直接拷贝临本，用HB铅笔将画稿拷贝到绢或熟宣纸上，铅笔线要轻、淡。也可直接把画稿拷贝到白纸上，特别是用绢画时，这样可以避免画稿变形，铅笔线以绷稿后看清为准。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RIOIdasY6oCeMgxczSWce5Kin1g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"也可以去买个拷贝台，把起好的稿子或打印的图纸放在拷贝台上，再把熟宣/绢蒙在上面拷贝，这样拷贝的图精确度稍高一点。画熟练了就可以直接用勾线笔上墨线了！ ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PGoUdMIw6o4mYMxs9mNcwU02nyf"},,"attrs":{"height":328,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"起稿","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7aba240186f8415c8d23212c2288a6cb","width":430},"text":"","id":"S0ukdeec6ouMEaxcJ7NcRRGznke"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MSaQdMKqsoU8ssxQl1NccVmLn0f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要求：先在画板上裱贴一张白纸，待干后将绢或熟宣纸绷到画板上。具体绷绢步骤可以看这个：如何绷娟","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YIOadU4W4ocGu4xCWWacelN0nQb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所需材料：图钉、浆糊、水。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OAmIdEwIGo8uwWxKCh9cARXNnXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、首先，把框子装好，然后把绢放在框子上摆好。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Jcsideqeyoq84mxYDW9c7Cm7nUf"},,"attrs":{"height":361,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/378593985d7247548856177840db930a","width":480},"text":"","id":"Vs4Idym8EoAi2wxySmjcMZ9Dn3c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、然后，在绢的一头按上图钉，另一边喷水，慢慢展开。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DeQadQaO4o80omxSs4fciWqqnMh"},,"attrs":{"height":361,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4b1a16ddf74a4581ae2542b99476eca3","width":481},"text":"","id":"AA4wd6u26oe4uAxop4icQyLLn8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、喷湿后慢慢调整，差不多了可以涂浆糊，继续调整。不要特别紧，因为绢干了也会收缩，另外绢本身有织的纹路，拉扯变形了就不好了。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IIiadA4Imoag4CxYzaUcg3edn0e"},,"attrs":{"height":361,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c3aca1c113154a26834550f9c1291912","width":480},"text":"","id":"FCMGd8AOuomKYUxoXzSc0qtAnMf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、然后把最后一条边涂上浆糊，折好。绢的外部也可以再涂一层浆糊。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XQmSdGaWsoWge4x2f42cKwZPnTs"},,"attrs":{"height":360,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f51fbc4baf2c48339a3079c61f5a8d1f","width":480},"text":"","id":"L8iWdksMYoGuAqxKACicnZ2ZnGh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、等干了就可以上色了，看看效果。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LiusdcoyioMmkSxMN6Ic6ICMnAf"},,"attrs":{"height":360,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/362b1268ea24474b89ef9f5bc354a337","width":481},"text":"","id":"UK6gduis8oq80MxGWorcK09Qn2c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HkwudGAwyoO8W2xM1eqcDB0QnRW"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、草稿：使用铅笔打草稿，纸张不要求。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AmUudeWY8ogEmkxwjK8c9DAnnTb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、过稿：将草稿放置在拷贝台上，上面覆一层熟宣，使用勾线笔（花枝俏、小叶筋等均可）将画稿勾在宣纸上，这样的作品称为白描。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SCIOdOeuyoU8Aex2rXxc6SNKnSg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、渲：在画好的草稿上用墨来表现画面的明暗，方法是：使用两支较大的笔（一般为大白云）一支蘸墨，一支蘸水，先点墨，在墨没干之前用水渲开，造成一个自然的过渡。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VE4mdMuk8oeK22xkhvzchoEKnWc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、染：方法和渲的步骤差不多，不过使用的是国画颜料，这一步较为麻烦。为了让色彩更加均匀厚实，一般要进行多次，有“三矾九染”之说。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LGGcdsoO2ou4AqxKgWKcFxtGnvc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾线","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OGQIdkIiyoc8scxkPECcFZCOnQf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾线的用笔方法分为中锋和侧锋，工笔人物画中以中锋为主。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YYAKda4uKosaiixAj2hc4zD0n7d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中锋：中锋即锥形毛笔笔尖在毛笔的运行过程中，始终处在用笔的中心位置。中锋用笔是中国画用笔方法的首要特征。其特点是：笔力饱满，内涵丰富。外柔内刚，极富表现力。中锋线圆润、浑厚、匀整，并且有弹性。也要注意墨线的浓墨变化，适当时加入清水调试。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WKqEdcMQAo4ao6xOWWLcyBZNn0e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"侧锋：侧锋的执笔是把笔管横卧或倾斜。与纸成各种角度，笔尖不在墨线中间，笔尖在墨线一侧，并出现飞白的效果。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CCWwdu2U6oksu6xo1pCcaYTRnWd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾线用笔的起止很重要，每一条线无论长短都必须有起笔、行笔、收笔三个过程。要求“起笔藏锋、运笔中锋、收笔回锋”，这是线描的主要技法要点。画人物和花鸟都需要了解勾线技巧。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XkcWdsME4ooGQoxkhnJcBxRKnTc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":402,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"勾线","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9424f151629346aea31f61353108e8ba","width":448},"text":"","id":"MqUwdgUooogeY2xGyEacXyeBnSc"},,"attrs":{"height":235,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"勾线","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/632de4513c7049449ee62d8f5ea4d1af","width":444},"text":"","id":"BqUadgGQuo6Q2UxqmSkcI66lnib"}],"text":"","id":"YGoudM0GeoCsoax6XYYcdWqPnhd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"着染","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YGoudM0GeoCsoax6XYYcdWqPnhd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"传统工笔画的着染方法总体来说可以分为分染、罩染、勾填等方法，分染和罩染是传统工笔人物画和花鸟中最常用的技法。山水的话还要用到“皴”的技法，以体现山脉特有的肌理。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Bmy2dAAMWoMa4kxQhtrc4CQLn7f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"分染：是把平面的线描按其结构、纹理用色或墨渲染出一定的层次和体积关系。分染时，准备一支笔蘸色，一支笔蘸清水把颜色均匀地烘淡。分染法采用分层叠加的方法进行设色，它的优点是色彩厚重饱和，层次变化丰富，表现力强。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E4sGdKoYMoOkCOxSqtqcq6mcnhd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"罩染：绘画，在着色时，先铺底，后罩色，这种方法就叫罩染。一般是先用渲染法铺上底色，颜色应厚重一些，可以层层复加。由深到淡，要表现出其明暗、层次。再根据需要再平涂一二次翠色，颜色要淡薄。底色和罩色的选择要根据所绘物体本身的特点，目的是使二者相得益彰，产生厚重、鲜明、复杂、丰富的色彩效果。画山水用水墨皴染，可罩染花青和赭石等。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SukOdgkA8o6KOmxEJMzcqTSpntc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"背染：在绢的背面衬色以使正面的颜色更厚重，丰富画面层次。背面使用的是平涂的方法，植物色和矿物色均可。这几个步骤应该是交替进行的，要想画的细腻，这些动作可能要重复很多遍。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Qk6QdYOAeoW4CuxmgdWc6DfGnCb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"复勾","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YAwmdMKugoE6yCxIdlBcKnUnn3d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"有些地方染完颜色后，之前勾线的部分变得不是很明显了，需要重新勾一遍。这时候勾千万要注意浓淡，颜色重了容易生硬呆板匠气，线条尽量保持流畅，毕竟是附在最上面的。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BoyIdcoSGoYYauxSulRcPdvInne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"刷胶矾水","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LWGcd6ismoQyMex0gabc60O9nVg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"为了防止熟绢跑矾，在设色之前，要在绢的背面刷一遍胶矾水。古人把胶矾称作“伐绢之斧”。未刷胶矾水的绢和宣纸，称作生绢、生宣，是画写意画的材料。刷过胶矾水的绢和宣纸，其性能发生了改变，称之为熟绢、熟宣，适合画工笔画。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RyQQdO68goQMoCxsdhvcJBTBnpg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、胶矾水有制作熟绢、固定颜色、保护画面的作用。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PE8MdSAAOoK6ekxSE2gcz6rCnue"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"胶：黄明胶，又名广胶，颗粒状的效果比较好。使用时用冷水泡上几分钟，去掉浮灰，加入热水搅拌，胶粒全部溶解后即可，但不能用开水，开水会使粘度降低。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FAu0dMGeso6Ckcxcxj9cnKGen6g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"矾：又称明矾，主要产自安徽庐江，头天用凉水浸泡，第二天用。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O62GdCmywoWscoxKAwQczRPanjd"},,"attrs":{"height":472,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"复勾","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cd2fcf6dc5054693b817904765868a0e","width":726},"text":"","id":"YsWAdsiumoQ8Kwxu6qPchPYtnmd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、胶矾水的混合比一般7:3较为适当，矾大胶小，染墨色时会颜色板滞、难以染匀。胶大矾小则会出现滑笔，墨、色易脱落等问题。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"L6oOdAy8MocwS6xMxAacSfq7nid"},,"attrs":{"height":471,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"复勾","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9eb85ef6ff5c4114a12fae0eb3682449","width":675},"text":"","id":"VW8mdaeK6ok6uaxu8X8c21vDnUf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、刷胶矾水，刷胶矾水的环境最好在温度25度左右的晴天，温度过低胶矾会很快凝固，不易刷匀。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KM8OdSAKGoy0qmx8j74cjzpRnEq"},,"attrs":{"height":478,"note":[{"type":" text","text":"复勾","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a5d66c0138cb4537964255d48e554279","width":594}," text":"","id":"WsKmd4AY2owcYux4IzOcnJTInSe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text", "text":"装裱","id":""}],"text":"","id":"REk8dwSamo8MQ2xvTkyc00aBnfZ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type ":"text","text":"古语有云：“三分字画，七分裱”，精致的装裱工艺不仅可以使字画得到更好的保护，同时也能起到烘托字画，突出神韵的effect.书画装裱的步骤一般是先用纸托裱在绘画作品的背后，再用绞、绢、纸等镶边，然后安装轴杆成卷轴或者装框条成镜框。传统的装裱是多种多样的，但其成品按形制可分为挂轴，手卷，册页三大类。原裱的绘画不论画心的大小、形状、及裱后的用途，都只有托裱画心、镶覆、砑装三个步骤。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IEOOdkmiUoyUSixUnWEc61sZnwo"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一步：观察字画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QowedGGayoIcASxwGqsc3PbAn9x"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"揣摩原作的气度，以利于更好地选择装裱材料烘托原作气质。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WUCOdGE8ioowuSxM5VqcK7P9nVf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第二步：托裱画心","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K8gcdYAmmoQsMixKYzicaxbNn4x"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、将画心反铺在干净的画案上，用喷壶在画心背面均匀喷洒水花；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C0smdKGyoowwigxOIi6cnviKnrc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、待画心潮润且平整得贴附在画案上时，用排笔在画心背面均匀刷浆；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VOEWdCqskosee0xSLwkchJoNneR"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、一手持特制的装裱棕刷，一手持略大于画心的托纸，对齐一边，用棕刷自上而下排扫托纸，逐渐使整张托纸平整贴附于画心背面；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LyWMdK6kmo6CAwxKIWgcWakon0f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、用手指在托纸边缘均匀抹上浆糊；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J6owdCG2kowCKaxU7kucSgaennf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、待画心略干后，轻轻揭起，转贴至挣墙晾干。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TqAGdyKYmo00AOx8Xlcc4vdMnMe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第三步：镶条","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MymEdGc0oowWuyx0yadcWIV7nDO"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、待画心干透，用裁刀将其从墙面取下，裁去托纸不整齐的边角部分；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LII2d0SWcoCkSIxia0HccWXKnCd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、在画心四角均匀抹浆，镶上助条；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EEkkdOOkgooMiKxcHRFcsOysnXb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、在助条边缘抹浆，镶上边条。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VC68dgwouoouiMx6pYScz9VanHb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第四步：覆背","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Is4Md648gouM0Wx8Xjbck4qfnee"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在已镶条的画作后重复第二个步骤。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O642dyGuAoSogKxY1wacH1AcnEh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第五步：装框","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H0QqdyeSwoGYgOxOglZcyn2Cnxg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"已制成的画作如需装框则在画作干透后进行平整，镶装画框；如做成卷轴，则应在画作上下装上天杆和地杆，并牵上挂绳，拴入绛色丝带。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SeWqdo0m0oCWUaxEZiXcpkvGnmd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RUcqdgmWKoAMQYxwRGZczajDnUb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般的装裱能够收藏的是手工的，浆糊的质量也是收藏时间的保证。裱画的糨糊不同于普通的糨糊，不仅黏稠度和透明度有所差别，并且在熬制时还要加入一些防治蠹虫的配料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LeEQdYWUmo0ieixE3kLcTuRcnNh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐临摹书籍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AiiAdmQgmoywO2xWcWmc2ufMnum"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"人物","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ywm6doEayok8IixKmF0cS5EFnrf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"白描：《八十七神仙卷》练线描这一本完全够了。如果觉得难度大的，可以进行局部练习。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NCwsdYOquoWEm2xUvkWcraCwngb"},,"attrs":{"height":814,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"人物","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c5758b24e6854e70b1182bc120082331","width":720},"text":"","id":"AkgOdq2qQosC0ixUviQcvNXCnmb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔设色","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BUw8degeooSi6MxM5LvcDg6En0f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《簪花仕女图》、韩熙载夜宴图、《虢国夫人游春图》、《捣练图》、《洛神赋图》等","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GOMSdkKSSoSEkgxgRcTcvqkbnxg"},,"attrs":{"height":983,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔设色","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6cf54bbe0d664254afd91633cc5b611f","width":720},"text":"","id":"C86wdUSGWo4Eu8xEeo0cdJzZnPf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《簪花仕女图》局部","id":""}],"text":"","id":"D68wdckYsoQ6m6xo5lxc76YPnSg"},,"attrs":{"height":411,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔设色","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1c12e9c7eb234b80b54315b435e86938","width":720},"text":"","id":"CEyOdyk2so8G0cxIlbOcX2jInIf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《虢国夫人游春图》局部","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XQ6Edk0qgoi4cKxysxEcjDwgn8d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OY8qducumo6EM2xUDZ2c7GCvnAg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"宋代小品、宋徽宗、陈老莲花鸟集。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ISoydoaUcoee8KxGamkcHUyCnaf"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":721,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f05118f3f7a94c3f8f74158912f6ae0e","width":720},"text":"","id":"KGakdCSiCo6AwYxgI0VcAmblnTP"},,"attrs":{"height":465,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/248caa97bff949b791f7fb97ccee23f9","width":483},"text":"","id":"N2wkdek2gooQeQx8p6yc9yL1nPf"}],"text":"","id":"OY4odwasmoIyiwxcrLncKDZlnpb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"山水","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OY4odwasmoIyiwxcrLncKDZlnpb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"山水小品、《千里江山图》、长桥卧波图、马远夏圭。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XiS4demmGo08cyxUtmhcv8YFn3c"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height" :680,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"山水","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i- 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","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Rww8dI6gqo68wcxi8OscKoG6nAg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"欣赏写意画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZSsGdIo6eoimYWxwdSdc7AXDnxc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画写意首先要练审美。培养对美的感受力，学会欣赏。要对中国美术史上这些大量的作品进行阅读，至少要知道什么是经典什么是真的美。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MegmdmaMEomwOExv7yzcXLTmngM"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古代写意画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N4sedmeYYoiW4ExQJVCcHZ3unrh"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":450,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"欣赏写意画","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c088dbaeb5d04246b71a1b55e1ca877f","width":720},"text":"","id":"Gw8cdYUQsoI2AWxes0Ncan0Knib"},,"attrs":{"height":644,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"欣赏写意画","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/20a74f2fd088486ea4e6470a150757b2","width":720},"text":"","id":"JoiMdmCsgoOagCxs1OZcQq9ennc"}],"text":"","id":"DcYsduguooEIKuxqqRCcLSrFnIc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"现代写意画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DcYsduguooEIKuxqqRCcLSrFnIc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":517,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"欣赏写意画","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/df0ab52f496a452a97dd018ec91fff18","width":720},"text":"","id":"HwuMdUUeCoI6UGxAnmOcq3hLnHb"},,"attrs":{"height":356,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"欣赏写意画","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5a59f40b52b84887be02f8b082e62c17","width":720},"text":"","id":"CCAQdk6kWoasioxWsvdcocQMnKe"}],"text":"","id":"WuImdmcwioEyMgx6VAocx3Z3nCb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"绘画步骤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WuImdmcwioEyMgx6VAocx3Z3nCb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"白菜、萝卜画法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QO2GdicsmoqSs4xyYXJcUvahn0e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①用中号长锋狼毫或羊毫调淡墨画菜的叶柄，趁湿马上蘸较浓墨画出菜根和根须。换用一支大号羊毫斗笔调淡墨画菜叶，注意笔腹含水要饱满，根据菜叶的结构、方向，分几笔画出菜叶，每笔菜叶的墨团形状大小浓淡要稍有区别，不能画成一样。笔与笔之间要注意衔接，既不能让它们模棱模糊，又不能搞得支离破碎。趁湿用长锋小狼毫勾出菜叶上的叶脉。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HmoGdkwgGo6KIGxsxTPcU32Rnqc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②用同一支笔蘸浓墨以中锋画缚菜的草束。要掌握画草束的时间，迟了叶柄水分已干，画上去的草束就会浮起来。如果太早，草束的墨色会漫糊开来，影响其质感。总之要干湿得当，渗化适度。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JGccdCuwqooIE2xkT68cm0FRn4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③根据红萝卜的圆形结构，用一支干净的短锋羊毫笔蘸胭脂调合一下，分左右两笔画出萝卜的球茎。同时注意适当地在中间留些空白，以表现萝卜的高光，然后又用较深的颜色点须画根。再用同一支笔洗一下，蘸朱磦底画胡萝卜。为了加强胡萝卜的质感，可在朱磦底里调点胭脂。画时，同样要注意胡萝卜的造型特点，依据结构运笔。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ViS4dOwU0oSaQmxAdbqcflkYn4d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④再用同一支笔洗净后蘸藤黄加花青调成汁绿。为了色调和谐，可在汁绿里再少量调点朱磦底，画出红萝卜叶柄的基部，然后又添画上小小的萝卜叶。两片萝卜的叶子要注意稍分浓淡。最后用中羊毫笔调赭墨画上蘑菇，画时同样要注意几只蘑菇的不同方向和前后层次。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AueOd44GIo4SyIxIRHQcBgsCnoh"},,"attrs":{"height":638,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"白菜、萝卜画法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6e2892135836482dbce4cc7eceb9f122","width":640},"text":"","id":"Saw8dee8OoG06MxcLtGcvpNin2b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"牵牛花画法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZyeOdWSukoOS2uxiy64cNnGRnDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①先画藤蔓：用长锋小狼毫笔调淡墨去画，用笔要悬腕中锋，轻快舒缓之中见遒劲，墨色要稍有变化，笔尖含水要干一点，以表现枝蔓的坚韧柔软。枝蔓是全画的架子，因此，要注意全局的位置经营。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Bm8ad2SyaoC2yExA9YjcBdJDn4f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②次画叶子：用短锋大羊毫笔调次浓墨去画，注意在蘸墨时要使笔头各部位含墨含水分量不同，这样一笔下去叶片即有浓淡变化。画叶要依据牵牛花叶片特点，每叶分三笔画成。点叶要注意疏密大小和方向的区别。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YmM0dGmygowgIuxevmacyxBRnrl"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨勾出叶脉。换用一支干净的短锋中羊毫笔，用胭脂加花青调成紫红色画花冠。牵牛花花冠上部色深，基部呈白色，因此用笔时要根据这个特点在花心留出空白，花型要圆润，色泽要饱满。两朵花要分浓淡。又蘸较深的花色点出未放的花蕾，注意花蕾与主花间的呼应。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NWqUdEgIKoogYqx9LOnc0oeonbI"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④用三绿加一点藤黄，调成淡绿色染花蕊底色，趁湿又用短锋羊毫调藤黄加白，一笔画上花蕊。然后用长锋小狼毫蘸浓墨画上花托，又添上浓浓淡淡的藤蔓，使全画完整起来。最后略加苔点，使画面增添变化。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LCYMd2cWioq02SxGYvkcT4rvnCg"},,"attrs":{"height":1251,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"牵牛花画法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6ced7218932a4305b3fc7e2dfb76fbf6","width":640},"text":"","id":"LA0UdiIgwoUcKcxmskAc6eZHnLh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"花球画法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O2I4dkMA8owiWOxa8fBchHWgnOb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①先画花球:用长锋小狼毫调淡墨逐个勾出组成花球的一朵朵小花。用墨要略分浓淡，花形要有变化，使花球有立体感。接着用短锋大羊毫调成浓绿蘸墨分组画上叶子。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"F20qdog2yo4AowxN8G7cWlAVndh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨勾叶脉。勾时把叶子分成上下两组，上边一组的叶脉墨色较深，下面一组叶子的叶脉用墨稍淡，以分出前后两组的层次。换用一支长锋狼毫笔调淡墨画枝干。随画随加浓墨，用较干的墨色去画较小的枝干。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VmmedCie4oWUw2xeSPPcfLFMn0c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③再用较淡的绿添画几笔嫩叶，增加叶子的又一个层次。接着用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨画出花球里的花柄，用墨要较干，使浓重的墨色衬托出洁净的花球。接着在叶间添画一团掩藏着的花球，方法与前同。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CiaodA4U4oCKq4xwltIccakdnbc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④最后用长锋羊毫笔调藤黄加三绿。淡淡地染上花色。趁湿用藤黄调朱磦底点花蕊。渲染花球既要染出立体感，又要注意花色的洁净。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GCMydgQG8oeUgaxQp5qcPqcTnSl"},,"attrs":{"height":236,"note":[{"type":" text","text":"花球画法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ac45985132384544afb5399603c1fd77","width":236} ,"text":"","id":"TM42decykoI4W8xApRncKFk4nre"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text ","text":"枇杷画法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FO4cdKaukooQQSxmBUJcAc6Vnab"},{"type":"paragraph","children": [{"type":"text","text":"①用大号斗笔浸些清水，又挤去笔肚里过多的水分，乘湿蘸上墨，稍微在调色盆里调合one time.注意不要调得太\"熟\"，使笔肚中含的墨色浓淡不匀方好。这时开始顺笔画叶子，随画又要随时蘸点水，使画上去的几片叶子既有浓淡的变化，又有滋润丰厚的感觉。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Veemd4ImyoUwQmxasXvcXA2engd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②淡墨中锋勾出枇杷轮廓，注意用笔的圆正，以表现枇杷果实的立体感。接着用浓墨画完枝干。待叶子略干，换一支叶筋笔蘸上浓墨趁潮在叶子上勾出叶脉。勾叶脉时，笔端要稍干些，可用废纸把笔上蘸的墨吸去少许后再勾。前后几片叶子的叶脉要分浓淡，故画后面叶子时，可调点清水后去画，但注意笔端仍须稍干，以免漫糊。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OQYwdoa4CoYkkAxUfhQcUh4JnOh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③等枇杷的墨色已干，用一支干净的羊毫笔蘸藤黄调点朱磦上枇杷圆形的结构用笔，以表现枇把的立体感。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FgUcdMGIKoqycyxwbZ4c3oManoh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④趁色尚湿，用浓墨点上果蒂。果蒂要点得稍大，用笔稍重，使笔尖稍微叉开，以表现枇杷蒂毛茸茸的质感。最后用调进少许藤黄的淡螺青点染枝干，加上苔点，使画面更丰富完整。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QcUkdsaKMogc4sxgxmocfKaGnyc"},,"attrs":{"height":595,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"枇杷画法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fbc94dd7d05946a5a087ec26ddde8828","width":640},"text":"","id":"FS6odSgGwom02Ax4KgXcV66Ynqe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"玉兰画法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BOgydC2Ceoq2aOxEZCbcVQ0yn6f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①先画花瓣:用长锋小狼毫笔调淡墨色花瓣。墨色要洁净，用笔要爽快。为表现玉兰花瓣比较厚重的白色，可趁勾勒花瓣的墨色未干之际，再在瓣尖上加上小小的两点浓墨。接着用短锋大羊毫笔调淡墨染花底，染时要见笔。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SC8ede0ueo2GGWxSqt8cE0Vpnxe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②趁湿用短锋狼毫蘸浓墨点花蕊，花蕊的墨色会在刚染上去的淡墨花底上稍稍渗开。又用长锋大狼毫蘸浓墨画主干。用墨要稍干，用笔要苍劲，使枝干与洁白圆润的花瓣产生强烈的对比。然后再蘸清水化成次浓墨画横卧着的另一组枝干，画时要注意整幅画面的气势。趁湿再用浓墨点苔。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FOsGdUIUMoqaMKxqOOgcAyMynPd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③接着调淡墨画花蕾和花托。画花蕾不仅要强调与主体花冠的呼应，还应配合整幅画的全局气势。花蕾与枝干的连接要合理，要符合玉兰的生长规律。 ④趁湿赶紧在花托上用小狼毫笔蘸浓墨点绒毛斑点。这一步要十分注意水分的的掌握，不能等干了再画，否则无论如何也画不出花托绒毛这种茸茸的感觉。最后点苔收拾整理。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RkeQdCaSwouOk6xoW0kcVwa0nzP"},,"attrs":{"height":717,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"玉兰画法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/70141db5b5444287897af0b72f516de5","width":658},"text":"","id":"ZyqAdMIEcoE82oxeGJqczMHcnkh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐临摹书籍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XyMgdWQ8GoCWMgx2xGhcp96BnAd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"山水","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PYkWdaQcaoAy28xgv52cNhuknxd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"董源《潇湘图》、巨然《万壑松风图》、李成《寒林平野图》、范宽《溪山行旅图》、郭熙《早春图》、李唐《万壑松风图》、马远《踏歌图》《寒江独钓》、夏圭《溪山清远图》、黄公望《富春山居图》、倪瓒、吴镇《渔父图》、王蒙《青卞隐居图》、沈周、石涛、査士标。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FOWSdowekogEIix6GP2chtjnnRg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ReUudquCYoKKs4xxjqhcEJpnntu"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"恽寿平、八大山人、徐熙、徐渭、文同、金农、法常、赵孟頫、管道升、王冕、赵之谦、齐白石等画家的花鸟作品。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ey8YdwGaco8KaAxkN50c1DV9nDg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"人物","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Uc2WdQo0Mo0CG8xOqMmceT8Andg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"梁楷、唐伯虎、任伯年、陈洪绶等画家作品。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BG0adIKiUoWqIExItVjcgbmDn5e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习步骤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WSMcdYyqsoQIKIxkRXtcfGHAnQg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Js2Yda4yuoM8GkxSwqOcSdLXnHf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹是学习中国画技法的一种便捷方法，对范画可以先局部临摹，也叫分解练习，然后再临摹整幅作品，这样可以学得深秀。临摹尽量要象，“察之者尚精，拟之者贵似”，要通过临摹反复体会其造型方法、用笔方法、墨色变化等。临摹整幅作品时再体会构图特点、主次虚实关系、层次关系、呼应关系、色调变化等等。从临摹中掌握了一定的技法以后再试着进行变化和创造，心中就有数了。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UW2Gd6MC4og2ysxeDe6c07Z1nZe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹的目的是学习、借鉴他人的技法。临摹与写生相较，写生为主，临摹为次，写生是源，临摹是流。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HOMcdAw6SoeC2SxWKG8cTYfhnZd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临，把画放在桌上，对着画。摹，则是用一张透明的薄纸盖在画上，用笔墨描摹。摹画也叫拓画。临摹要防止犯“结壳”“游魂”“附影子”等弊病。 “结壳”，即是学习古人或老师的技法，而被之束缚，不能变化、发展。 “游魂”，就是东学一点，西学一点，浅尝辄止，不能融会贯通。 “附影子”，即只能依赖前人的稿子或一家一派的门户，一离开，便寸步难行，作不出画。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Fim4dg20oowmIcxkNl5csVeGnlf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹要和默写结合起来，中国画的创作方法很重视默写。提高默写能力要靠深入掌握物象的造型特点和规律及运笔用墨的规律。因此，临摹一定要认真体会。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CgUMdQCIIoOiEWxAJzYczDdSnfb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"结合临摹平时要注意多欣赏名家名作，可以反复欣赏品味，此外还要多参观画展，汲取各家之长，开阔眼界，开拓思路，丰富技法手段，提高修养。在观摩和学习时可随时记录一下构图、技法特点、题款内容和自己的感受。只要认真扎实地学习，肯定会有大的进步。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QEiWdqegIoGA80xoxIYcCiKynbf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"写生","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DqsodmYiWomCWQx4LWMcPVoonlh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"通过写生可以进一步了解自然山水、花鸟和结构及动态规律，可以大量搜集创作素材，锻炼造型能力，进一步丰富知识和绘画技巧，在大自然中得到新鲜的感受。这是提高绘画创作水平必不可少的重要环节。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QkA6doU0woyEmExo5hTcsguansf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"写生之前要多观察、多分析。写生的工具不必过于讲究，铅笔、钢笔、毛笔都可以，纸张随便，关键是要画得严肃、认真。写生的过程就是学习、观察大自然的过程，达到搜集创作素材提高创作能力的目的。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ewc6dMWgQoy8WqxQvoDcsrm1nsg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"画外功","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OsMadsGGIoAGooxu8FicBpBrnne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"与绘画技巧相适应，还需具备多方面的知识。如书法技巧和文学修养都需作相应的提高。这是培养审美观念、增进鉴别能力的基础。只有多读书（小说、散文、诗歌及绘画理论都需要读）、勤练书法才能满足学习绘画的要求。练习书法不仅仅是为了适应题字落款的需要，更重要的是书法也是国画的基本功。要通过练习书法，提高笔线的表现能力，加强墨晕的风骨，以书入画格调情趣自然更高。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E0Kyd4kmOo62a0xWcA9c32I4nkc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"创作","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PkmMd6gMOoQMAKx68D5cK7NTnLf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学国画不必急于创作，应先在以上三方面打下扎实的基础，苦练基本功。有了一定的基础后，可以慢慢试着进行创作。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Km0WdaMUSoOkEmxEFcYc7SI6nge"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"创作阶段","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KsYedIIIwoOG0qx4QbAcZcoqn6c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一阶段可以参考资料，借助别人作品的造型或笔墨技法，按照自己的创作意图去试着创作。这个阶段也叫初级阶段。通过这一阶段可以初步摸索到创作方面的规律。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LousdUKsioguiWxCI8icx3a7n9e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第二阶段，待掌握了一定的技法之后，便可以较自由地进行创作。这一阶段是巩固和灵活运用技法阶段，通过这个阶段的练习，可使技法更熟练，构图变化更丰富。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GsUEdia80o0UAmxglY1c5Bt0nVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第三阶段——成熟阶段。技法的成熟的标志不是按照一个模式的纯熟，而是根据不同意境、感觉、情趣的要求不断变化技法，体现出随机应变、运用自如而又不断创新。这一阶段的追求是情趣的表现及创作内涵的深化，是既有“法”度而又不为法度所束缚。以法作画，千篇一律，以情作画，变化万千。这是高超的技法和高深修养的结合，是我们追求的目的。初学者只要得法，用功，是会达到这一目标的。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K2Yidsk0Qo4uusx0QQUc3fdhnDb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学国画素材","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XqkMd6Iw0oGOKmxS2A0ccrf9nNd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟素材","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EAcgdqymqo0cwmxMNqYcwbzcnHe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"竹子","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ic2sdiyiGoyIQGxqig3cjXhvnJf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、蘸淡墨勾画竹叶，用相同的笔法画出三片为一组的竹叶。依次增加叶子，注意竹叶方向、大小等要有变化，下笔时两头轻中间重。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N0EAdqC8OocWk2xs3FOcweOQnMg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、淡墨勾画竹子的主干，待半干后浓墨勾画竹节。最后用淡墨勾画竹子的分支。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QY8CdaWS4oyEsGxWwnfcQJ7lnrg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KIEydWUuSo2MAMxIBXqcQF5Vn5g"},,"attrs":{"height":1046,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"竹子","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/57b120661ae14a249184b70caefe0637","width":942},"text":"","id":"EMGcdWuSWo4uAgxScaJcXYWunYe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"牡丹","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NgQIdQCUkoQUqexiAZYc5VcznHe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、整笔蘸粉色，笔尖蘸曙红画花瓣，依次增加花瓣。画出整朵花头，注意整朵花的形状要错落有变。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZmACdYek4oY4OgxEzb2cijGznCh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"、整笔蘸粉色，笔尖蘸曙红点出花苞，画出左右相邻的小花瓣。最后用淡绿色加胭脂画出花尊。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XI4YduoICoCgGKxY56zcZsD6nLd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、整笔蘸淡绿色，笔尖蘸淡墨侧锋画出整组牡丹叶子。浓墨勾叶筋，墨绿加胭脂画枝条。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Y6COd0E22oy0M4xCoDDchRc8ncc"},,"attrs":{"height":1008,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"牡丹","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a34c7a92de164ab5afa43fe2540e4c7c","width":900},"text":"","id":"QCeAdCKc6o6Q88xIJJHcwtrRnwf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"麻雀","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BS8IdQUY8o2U0mxQzETcc5E3nac"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、蘸赭石加淡墨侧锋点出鸟的头部，中锋画背羽，侧锋画上下翅。浓墨点斑纹、飞羽、尾羽、眼睛嘴，最后以淡墨画胸腹。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KWysdguSmommQsxohsBcIzMBn2g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、赭石加淡墨侧锋画出头部，中锋画背羽，侧锋画上下翅，浓墨画嘴，点眼睛。淡墨画胸腹，浓墨点斑纹、飞羽和尾羽，浓墨中锋画腿，浓墨画爪子。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T6Sgd2WcWoUCoUxWm6uc18LBnyg"},,"attrs":{"height":700,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"麻雀","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3b44f13174b6450895843821a3888870","width":1080},"text":"","id":"R8UGd4Os4ooUisx6Bb8ccnJXn0b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"小鸡","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TQU8dwweaoAMSWxCexxcwsjAnff"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、蘸中墨侧锋画出头部，侧锋点出翅膀，随后用干墨勾画尾部。浓墨画嘴和眼睛，淡墨画胸部和大腿，待半干时用浓墨勾画脚。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TA8Gdm6swoqaOixIdv4chr7knEh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、蘸浓墨，行侧锋画出头部，侧锋画翅膀，淡墨画胸部和大腿，最后浓墨勾画嘴、脚。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QWUEd2KCqowuIwxopcdcv40PnWg"},,"attrs":{"height":744,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"小鸡","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a54e2d5df928466db4159176960f1218","width":1080},"text":"","id":"Lq4mdCyo8oGwIaxS6gqcdMT9nMf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"翠鸟","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BIOmdMqIcocEsexSKCOcdI9xngc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、蘸三青点出鸟的头部，运侧锋画出身子和上下翅。采浓墨画嘴、尾羽、飞羽并点上眼睛。用钛白点鸟身斑纹，淡赭石染胸部，朱砂染嘴与鸟爪，最后用藤黄染眼珠。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z2I0dkmwQoWsm0xKGDPc5G1jnwg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、三青加花青点出头部，用浓墨画出眼睛并勾画嘴巴，再画出头上的毛。三青加花青画鸟毛，用淡赭石画出腹部，浓墨勾画轮廓，朱砂染嘴和勾画鸟爪，藤黄染眼珠。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FIqidk426oSgqOxmu1ZcRUISnNg"},,"attrs":{"height":712,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翠鸟","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/68f8ef716b1e48bebdafd755d5ca813a","width":1080},"text":"","id":"Gk2gdAmOCo2AusxeMeScyMydnfd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"喜鹊","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KUEodSkwooikgmxMTHIcEdPbnOg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"蘸浓墨勾画嘴和眼睛，浓墨画头部和颈羽。蘸中墨侧锋行笔画胸腹，画背羽留白羽，浓墨画翅羽，并为其添加尾羽。淡墨中锋行笔画胸腹，腿爪用浓墨勾画，鹅黄染眼珠。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QmqUdKKCoosmuGxeCrAcRzrEnKf"},,"attrs":{"height":708,"note":[{"type":" text","text":"喜鹊","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c85755f9cb2842208b138a781b43f5e1","width":1080},"text ":"","id":"MCQAdiAGkoCaW2x4cgocIQXTnJc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text"," text":"学国画的好处","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HayQdu4C0owiG0xEtsdcBuDInze"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{ "type":"text","text":"学国画是一件非常陶冶情操的事情，不仅能解放人的天性、给人带来满足感、成就感，而且还会在作品中实现对自我Of course. ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BokYdq0MKoOEsWxOwt0ctoSBnmd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、学国画是人生良伴。人的一生分为很多阶段，少年时，可以以画言志；青壮年时，生活压力巨大，可以以画解压；等到年过中年，孩子都已成家立业，自己也临近退休，内心难免会有孤独之感，此时可以画画消遣。学国画的人，随着自己的文化积淀，艺术修养的不断提升，他的画作也如陈年老酒，愈发醇香，愈发动人。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NO6gdacGWoiKwOxQXGvcTlf8nvg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、学国画能陶冶情操。学习国画讲求的是意境，讲究内涵，真、善、美。通过笔墨抒发感情，培养艺术气息，陶冶情操。艺术气息会一直伴随着你，生活中有了艺术，你会感觉到自己的世界都是带着诗情画意。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JcgEd0wqeomo46xixDcceYKInv1"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、学国画能提高审美。中国画具有简练、概括的特点，在学国画时，注意力集中，执笔、行笔要运气用力，这样就养成了良好的学习习惯，不仅可以培养学习能力、理解能力，而且还可以提高审美能力和Learning interest. ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Q0Gkde2MuoqUIUxOaqscKFPrnEc"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E